Carbon dioxide transport pipeline systems: overview of technical characteristics, safety, integrity and cost, and potential application of digital twin

Carbon dioxide transport from capture to utilization or storage locations plays key functions in carbon capture and storage systems. In this study a comprehensive overview and technical guidelines are provided for CO2 pipeline transport systems. Design specifications, construction procedures, cost, safety regulations, environmental and risk aspects are presented and discussed. Furthermore, challenges and future research directions associated with CO2 transport are sorted out including the large capital and operational costs, integrity, flow assurance, and safety issues. A holistic assessment of the impurities' impacts on corrosion rate and phase change of the transported stream is required to improve pipeline integrity. The influence of impurities and the changes in elevation on the pressure drop along the pipeline need to be further investigated to ensure continuous flow via accurate positioning of pumping stations. Although the long-experience in oil and gas pipeline industry forms powerful reference, it is necessary to develop particular standards and techno-economic frameworks to mitigate the barriers facing CO2 transport systems. Digital twins (DT) have potential to transform CO2 transport sector to achieve high reliability, availability and maintainability at lower cost. Herein, an integrated 5-component robust DT framework is proposed for CO2 pipeline transport systems and the future directions for DT development are insinuated. Data-driven-algorithms capable of predicting system's dynamic behavior still need to be developed. The data-driven approach alone is not sufficient and low-order physics based models should operate in tandem with the updated system parameters to allow interpretation and result's enhancing. Discrepancies between dynamic-system-models, anomaly-detection and deep-learning require in-depth localized off-line simulations.

Modification of technology and aerodynamics of moving hot bulk materials

Variants of pneumatic transport with temperature data of the material are given. Methods for protecting the container from thermal heating are listed. An unloading device for cargo containers for pipeline transport of hot bulk materials has been developed. The proposed system of two integral equations will make it possible to calculate with sufficient accuracy the required compressed air pressure, geometric parameters of aerodynamic ridges for a given length of the unloading section of rotating containers and their translational speed. The presence of aerodynamic ridges will reduce the loss of energy from friction when moving containers in a spiral.

Сomparative analysis of economic efficiency application of milling excavator working equipment for pipeline undermining

Introduction. The use of pipeline transport for the movement of hydrocarbons and petroleum products is the main strategic system of Russia with a huge volume of cargo turnover. The share of pipeline transport in the freight turnover of the Russian transport system is over 48 %. Maintenance of the pipeline system is impossible without the use of mechanization and special equipment. So, to restore its working condition, various options for sets of machines are used.Implementation of the methodology. As a result of the research carried out, a set of machines was selected for performing the technological operations of the overhaul of a section of the steel main pipeline. The main technical and economic indicators are calculated, taking into account the efficiency and expediency of using a set of machines.Results. The economic efficiency of a set of machines, including a hydraulic excavator with a developed milling working equipment, the novelty of which is confirmed by patents for a useful model of the Russian Federation, has been determined.Discussion and conclusions. The directions of further research are the calculation and substantiation of the necessary operating parameters for the introduction into operation of the milling working equipment of a hydraulic excavator.

Experimental study of the transmission of energy of a microwave electromagnetic field into the oil environment employing a submersible emitter

The supply of heat to oil media pumped by pipeline transport systems is one of the main problems in the oil industry. The article describes a method for supplying heat to oil-containing media using the energy of an electromagnetic field. The possibility of releasing surfaces in contact with oil sludge under the influence of electromagnetic fields has been shown by experiment. We describe the design and parameters of a biconical horn radiator of a microwave electromagnetic field operating at a frequency of 2 450 MHz. A method for generating energy and transmitting it to the emitter by means of a coaxial cable is shown. Testing the emitter in oil placed in an optically transparent and radio-tight double-walled tank is presented. The design of the stand allows us to safely examine the thermal process using a thermal imager. The installation made it possible to heat 7 liters of oil at 15 °C in 12 minutes.

Analytical Criterion for the Strength of Bonded-Dispersed Gels During Pipeline Transportation

Modern pipeline systems, both main and industrial, allow transporting a wide range of liquid and gaseous substances, including a variety of solid bulk materials, minerals, building materials and mixtures. However, the development of pipeline transport systems today is hindered by the lack of theoretical developments in the implementation of practical engineering projects for the creation of both main and industrial product pipelines for various purposes. Therefore, the further development of the theory of flows of various substances in pipelines and the creation of universal methods for engineering calculations of design parameters of pipeline systems based on this theory are priority tasks for the further development of product pipeline transport. The studies were carried out in accordance with the condition of stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure of the gel flow into sol. Such a stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure can be observed both when reaching the mode that determines the turbulent motion of a viscous colloidal solution, and somewhat earlier – at the stages of the laminar flow regime of the solution. Based on the formal phenomenological analysis, it has been determined that during the transition of the laminar mode of motion of the Newton fluid flow in a cylindrical tube to the turbulent mode, the transported structured gel flow is guaranteed to collapse into a colloidal sol. Based on the example of a typical design calculation of a technological (production) pipeline for the transportation of motor oils of the SAE-10 and SAE-40 grades, the optimal conditional internal diameters of the product pipeline were determined. The compliance of the design structural parameters of the pipelines with the corresponding physical and mechanical properties of the transported liquids was established. The proposed methods of engineering calculations of design parameters for technical objects of pipeline transport should expand and supplement the regulatory documentation for the preparation of projects for the construction of both main product pipelines and technological “interoperable” production pipelines

Power and Compression Analysis of Power-To-Gas Implementations in Natural Gas Pipelines With Up to 100% Hydrogen Concentration

The introduction of hydrogen or synthetic natural gas produced from renewable electricity into gas pipelines is being considered to enable decarbonization and energy storage. Prior published studies show that hydrogen concentrations over 20–30% are likely to require significant infrastructure modifications and that significant concentrations of hydrogen will decrease energy transport capacity and/or reduce transport efficiency due to higher compression work. A comparative analysis of four power-to-gas implementations utilizing alkaline electrolysis, steam methane reforming, and catalytic methanation at hydrogen concentrations from 0–100% is performed in order to quantify production and transport power requirements utilizing pipeline or electrical transport. The pipeline transport analysis evaluates the pipeline transport capacity, efficiency, and emissions at various hydrogen concentrations and their sensitivity to pipeline diameter and compressor station spacing. The results show that production costs for hydrogen and synthetic natural gas dominate the overall energy requirement, requiring more power to create product than will be delivered for end use. Pipeline transport power requirements also increase by a maximum factor of 6–8 depending on surface roughness at high hydrogen percentages, but pipeline transport losses are less than electrical transmission losses in all cases. The increased pipeline compression power increases CO2 emissions along the pipeline up to a peak value of 240% relative to pure methane at a mole fraction of 65% hydrogen, above which CO2 emissions reduce. An analysis of pipeline compression conditions shows that flow requirements for all cases exceed the capabilities of reciprocating compressors but are mostly within the capabilities of centrifugal compressors, although multiple bodies may be required at hydrogen concentrations exceeding approximately 40–85%.