Respiratory drugs

2019 ◽  
pp. 167-176
Author(s):  
Carl Waldmann ◽  
Andrew Rhodes ◽  
Neil Soni ◽  
Jonathan Handy
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Patient Monitoring ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Inhaled Nitric Oxide ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Anticholinergic Agents ◽  
Oxygen Gas ◽  
Respiratory Drugs

This chapter discusses respiratory drugs and includes discussion on bronchodilators (describing β‎2-agonists, anticholinergic agents, and xanthine derivatives), nitric oxide (history, biochemistry, clinical use of inhaled nitric oxide, administration of inhaled nitric oxide, adverse effects of inhaled nitric oxide, and adjunctive therapies), mucolytics (properties of mucus, types of mucolytics, clinical applications, and side-effects), and helium–oxygen gas mixtures (including nomenclature, rationale, indications, expected effects, presentation, face mask administration, nebulization, patient monitoring during therapy, stopping helium–oxygen therapy, indications for helium–oxygen mask ventilation, indications for helium–oxygen intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) via endotracheal or tracheostomy tube, patient monitoring during IPPV therapy, stopping helium–oxygen therapy, and published trials).

scholarly journals An Anesthesiologist’s Perspective on the History of Basic Airway Management

2018 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian A. Matioc
Keyword(s):  
Airway Management ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Mandibular Advancement ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Inhalation Anesthesia ◽  
Anesthetic Agents ◽  
Intravenous Drugs ◽  
Head Extension ◽  
History Of

Abstract This third installment of the history of basic airway management discusses the transitional—“progressive”—years of anesthesia from 1904 to 1960. During these 56 yr, airway management was provided primarily by basic techniques with or without the use of a face mask. Airway maneuvers were inherited from the artisanal era: head extension and mandibular advancement. The most common maneuver was head extension, also used in bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy. Basic airway management success was essential for traditional inhalation anesthesia (ether, chloroform) and for the use of the new anesthetic agents (cyclopropane, halothane) and intravenous drugs (thiopental, curare, succinylcholine). By the end of the era, the superiority of intermittent positive pressure ventilation to spontaneous ventilation in anesthesia and negative pressure ventilation in resuscitation had been demonstrated and accepted, and the implementation of endotracheal intubation as a routine technique was underway.

Face Masks Defended

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-623
Author(s):  
Robert M. Shuman ◽  
Thomas K. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Airway Pressure ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Positive Airway Pressure ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Positive Pressure

Pediatricians caring for the newborn are particularly aware of unexpected deleterious outcomes of well-intentioned therapy. Oxygen, chloramphenicol, sulfadiazine, and continuous positive airway pressure are examples. Elsewhere in this issue Pape et al.1 suggest that intermittent positive-pressure ventilation provided by a tight-fitting face mask in low-birthweight infants is yet another example. They observed a 30% incidence of significant intracerebellar hemorrhages in infants so treated (groups A and D). Such hemorrhages were seen in 10% of babies who were ventilated by an endotracheal tube rather than by mask (groups B and C), and were not seen in their 13 nonventilated babies (group E).

scholarly journals Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) for preventing prematurity-related bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD): 7-year follow-up of the European Union Nitric Oxide (EUNO) trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
Anne Greenough ◽  
Fabrice Decobert ◽  
David Field ◽  
Mikko Hallman ◽  
Helmut D. Hummler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Inhaled Nitric Oxide ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Home Oxygen Therapy

AbstractObjectivesMost studies of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in premature infants have focused on short-term mortality and morbidity. Our aim was to determine the long-term effects of iNO.MethodsA 7-year follow-up was undertaken of infants entered into a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of iNO for prevention of BPD in premature infants born between 24 and 28 weeks plus six days of gestation. At 7 years, survival and hospital admissions since the 2-year follow-up, home oxygen therapy in the past year, therapies used in the previous month and growth assessments were determined. Questionnaires were used to compare general health, well-being, and quality of life.ResultsA total of 305 children were assessed. No deaths were reported. Rates of hospitalization for respiratory problems (6.6 vs. 10.5%, iNO and placebo group, respectively) and use of respiratory medications (6.6 vs. 9.2%) were similar. Two patients who received iNO and one who received placebo had received home oxygen therapy. There were no significant differences in any questionnaire-documented health outcomes.ConclusionsiNO for prevention of BPD in very premature infants with respiratory distress did not result in long-term benefits or adverse long-term sequelae. In the light of current evidence, routine use of iNO cannot be recommended for prevention of BPD in preterm infants.

scholarly journals An Anesthesiologist’s Perspective on the History of Basic Airway Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 686-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian A. Matioc
Keyword(s):  
Airway Management ◽  
Operating Room ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Mask Ventilation ◽  
Advanced Airway ◽  
History Of ◽  
Effective Seal

Abstract This fourth and last installment of my history of basic airway management discusses the current (i.e., “modern”) era of anesthesia and resuscitation, from 1960 to the present. These years were notable for the implementation of intermittent positive pressure ventilation inside and outside the operating room. Basic airway management in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (i.e., expired air ventilation) was de-emphasized, as the “A-B-C” (airway-breathing-circulation) protocol was replaced with the “C-A-B” (circulation-airway-breathing) intervention sequence. Basic airway management in the operating room (i.e., face-mask ventilation) lost its predominant position to advanced airway management, as balanced anesthesia replaced inhalation anesthesia. The one-hand, generic face-mask ventilation technique was inherited from the progressive era. In the new context of providing intermittent positive pressure ventilation, the generic technique generated an underpowered grip with a less effective seal and an unspecified airway maneuver. The significant advancement that had been made in understanding the pathophysiology of upper airway obstruction was thus poorly translated into practice. In contrast to consistent progress in advanced airway management, progress in basic airway techniques and devices stagnated.

scholarly journals The Fat Embolism Syndrome, Results of a Therapeutic Regime

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Fat Embolism ◽  
Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Fat Embolism Syndrome ◽  
Embolism Syndrome ◽  
Therapeutic Regime

Results of a therapeutic regime for the fat embolism syndrome are presented. The basis of this regime is to prevent hypoxia by use of oxygen and if necessary intermittent positive pressure, ventilation. Prophylactic oxygen therapy in patients likely to develop the fat embolism syndrome is suggested.

Respiratory drugs

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Waldmann ◽  
Neil Soni ◽  
Andrew Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Oxygen Gas ◽  
Respiratory Drugs

Bronchodilators 154Nitric oxide 156Mucolytics 158Surfactant 160Helium–oxygen gas mixtures 162Bronchodilators, as the name suggests, are used in airways disease, particularly in asthma and COPD, to produce a reversal of airway obstruction. An overview of the three main categories is provided here:...

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