Normal labour: second stage

This chapter covers the second stage of labour, from onset through to latent and active phases. It describes the physiology and diagnosis of the second stage of labour for low-risk women. It considers the mechanism of normal labour which underpins the principles of care and conduct of a normal vaginal birth. The care of the perineum in line with the current evidence base is also described. Categorization of perineal trauma is given and the performance of an episiotomy described. The incidence and management of female genital mutilation are discussed.

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Health Consequences of the Female Genital Mutilation: A Systematic Review Running title: Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation

10.31661/gmj.v0i0.1336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 1336

Author(s):

Khadijeh Sarayloo ◽

Robab Latifnejad Roudsari ◽

Amy Elhadi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Women’S Health ◽

Women's Health ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Health Consequences ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a general health concern. The World Health Organization has recognized it as a condition that endangers women’s health. This review study aimed to identify the types of health outcomes of FGM. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to create a critical view of the current evidence on the effect of circumcision on girls and women's health. In this study, we focused on the health risks of female circumcision. Academic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SID, IranMedex, Irandoc, and Magiran were searched with regard to the health consequences of FGM from January 1990 until 2018. Eleven review studies met the criteria and contained 288 relevant studies on the risks of FGM. It was suggested that FGM had various physical, obstetric, sexual, and psychological consequences. Women with FGM experienced mental disturbances (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses, anxiety, somatization, phobia, and low self-esteem) than other women. Our study can provide evidence on improving, changing behaviors, and making decisions on the quality of services offered to women suffering from FGM. [GMJ.2019;inpress:e1336]

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Secular trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among girls: a systematic analysis

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000549 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. e000549 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala ◽

Martinsixtus C Ezejimofor ◽

Olalekan A Uthman ◽

Paul Komba

Keyword(s):

West Africa ◽

East Africa ◽

North Africa ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Secular Trends ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Data Sets ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Prevalence Estimates ◽

Female Genital

BackgroundCurrent evidence on the decline in the prevalence of female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) has been lacking worldwide. This study analyses the prevalence estimates and secular trends in FGM/C over sustained periods (ie, 1990–2017). Its aim is to provide analytical evidence on the changing prevalence of FGM/C over time among girls aged 0–14 years and examine geographical variations in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsAnalysis on the shift in prevalence of FGM/C was undertaken using the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data sets from Africa and Middle East. A random-effects model was used to derive overall prevalence estimates. Using Poisson regression models, we conducted time trends analyses on the FGM/C prevalence estimates between 1990 and 2017.FindingsWe included 90 DHS and MICS data sets for 208 195 children (0–14 years) from 29 countries spread across Africa and two countries in Western Asia. The prevalence of FGM/C among children varied greatly between countries and regions and also within countries over the survey periods. The percentage decline in the prevalence of FGM/C among children aged 0–14 years old was highest in East Africa, followed by North and West Africa. The prevalence decreased from 71.4% in 1995 to 8.0% in 2016 in East Africa. In North Africa, the prevalence decreased from 57.7% in 1990 to 14.1% in 2015. In West Africa, the prevalence decreased from 73.6% in 1996 to 25.4% in 2017. The results of the trend analysis showed a significant shift downwards in the prevalence of FGM/C among children aged 0–14 years in such regions and subregions of East Africa, North Africa and West Africa. East Africa has experienced a much faster decrease in the prevalence of the practice (trend=−7.3%, 95% CI −7.5% to −7.1%) per year from 1995 to 2014. By contrast, the decline in prevalence has been much slower in North Africa (trend=−4.4%, 95% CI −4.5% to −4.3%) and West Africa (trend=−3.0%, 95% CI −3.1% to −2.9%).ConclusionThe prevalence of FGM/C among children aged 0–14 years varied greatly between countries and regions and also within countries over the survey periods. There is evidence of huge and significant decline in the prevalence of FGM/C among children across countries and regions. There is a need to sustain comprehensive intervention efforts and further targeted efforts in countries and regions still showing high prevalence of FGM/C among children, where the practice is still pervasive.

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Health Consequences of the Female Genital Mutilation: A Systematic Review

Galen Medical Journal ◽

10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e1336

Author(s):

Khadijeh Sarayloo ◽

Robab Latifnejad Roudsari ◽

Amy Elhadi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Women’S Health ◽

Women's Health ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Health Consequences ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a general health concern. The World Health Organization has recognized it as a condition that endangers women’s health. This review study aimed to identify the types of health outcomes of FGM. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to create a critical view of the current evidence on the effect of Female genital on girls and women’s health. In this study, we focused on the health risks of female Female genital. Academic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SID, IranMedex, Irandoc, and Magiran were searched with regard to the health consequences of FGM from January 1990 until 2018. Eleven review studies met the criteria and contained 288 relevant studies on the risks of FGM. It was suggested that FGM had various physical, obstetric, sexual, and psychological consequences. Women with FGM experienced mental disturbances (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses, anxiety, somatization, phobia, and low self-esteem) than other women. Our study can provide evidence on improving, changing behaviors, and making decisions on the quality of services offered to women suffering from FGM.[GMJ.2019;8:e1336]

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