Secular trends in the prevalence of female genital mutilation/cutting among girls: a systematic analysis

BackgroundCurrent evidence on the decline in the prevalence of female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) has been lacking worldwide. This study analyses the prevalence estimates and secular trends in FGM/C over sustained periods (ie, 1990–2017). Its aim is to provide analytical evidence on the changing prevalence of FGM/C over time among girls aged 0–14 years and examine geographical variations in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsAnalysis on the shift in prevalence of FGM/C was undertaken using the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) data sets from Africa and Middle East. A random-effects model was used to derive overall prevalence estimates. Using Poisson regression models, we conducted time trends analyses on the FGM/C prevalence estimates between 1990 and 2017.FindingsWe included 90 DHS and MICS data sets for 208 195 children (0–14 years) from 29 countries spread across Africa and two countries in Western Asia. The prevalence of FGM/C among children varied greatly between countries and regions and also within countries over the survey periods. The percentage decline in the prevalence of FGM/C among children aged 0–14 years old was highest in East Africa, followed by North and West Africa. The prevalence decreased from 71.4% in 1995 to 8.0% in 2016 in East Africa. In North Africa, the prevalence decreased from 57.7% in 1990 to 14.1% in 2015. In West Africa, the prevalence decreased from 73.6% in 1996 to 25.4% in 2017. The results of the trend analysis showed a significant shift downwards in the prevalence of FGM/C among children aged 0–14 years in such regions and subregions of East Africa, North Africa and West Africa. East Africa has experienced a much faster decrease in the prevalence of the practice (trend=−7.3%, 95% CI −7.5% to −7.1%) per year from 1995 to 2014. By contrast, the decline in prevalence has been much slower in North Africa (trend=−4.4%, 95% CI −4.5% to −4.3%) and West Africa (trend=−3.0%, 95% CI −3.1% to −2.9%).ConclusionThe prevalence of FGM/C among children aged 0–14 years varied greatly between countries and regions and also within countries over the survey periods. There is evidence of huge and significant decline in the prevalence of FGM/C among children across countries and regions. There is a need to sustain comprehensive intervention efforts and further targeted efforts in countries and regions still showing high prevalence of FGM/C among children, where the practice is still pervasive.

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Estimating the indirect prevalence of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Switzerland

10.21203/rs.3.rs-100859/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Cottler-Casanova ◽

Jasmine Abdulcadir

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Prevalence Data ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

The Past ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Prevalence Estimates ◽

Women And Girls ◽

Using Data ◽

Female Genital

Abstract ObjectiveTo update the indirect prevalence estimates for women and girls living with Female Genital Mutilation Cutting (FGM/C) in Switzerland, using data from the Swiss Federal Statistical Office of migrant women and girls born in one of the 30 high-prevalence FGM/C countries that are currently living in Switzerland. MethodsWe used Yoder and Van Baelen’s “Extrapolation of FGM/C Countries’ Prevalence Data” method, where we applied DHS and MICS prevalence figures from the 30 countries when FGM/C is practiced, and applied them to the immigrant women and girls living in Switzerland from the same 30 countries.ResultsIn 2010, the estimated indirect prevalence was 9,059 whereas in 2018, the estimated indirect prevalence was 21,706 women and girls living with or at risk of FGM/C.ConclusionOver the past decade, there have been significant increases in the number of estimated women and girls living with or at risk of FGM/C in Switzerland due to the increase in the total number of women and girls originally coming form the countries where the practice of FGM/C is traditional.

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Normal labour: second stage

10.1093/med/9780198754787.003.0017 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Janet Medforth ◽

Linda Ball ◽

Angela Walker ◽

Sue Battersby ◽

Sarah Stables

Keyword(s):

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Low Risk ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Second Stage ◽

Second Stage Of Labour ◽

Current Evidence Base ◽

Low Risk Women ◽

Female Genital

This chapter covers the second stage of labour, from onset through to latent and active phases. It describes the physiology and diagnosis of the second stage of labour for low-risk women. It considers the mechanism of normal labour which underpins the principles of care and conduct of a normal vaginal birth. The care of the perineum in line with the current evidence base is also described. Categorization of perineal trauma is given and the performance of an episiotomy described. The incidence and management of female genital mutilation are discussed.

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Health Consequences of the Female Genital Mutilation: A Systematic Review Running title: Health Consequences of Female Genital Mutilation

10.31661/gmj.v0i0.1336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. 1336

Author(s):

Khadijeh Sarayloo ◽

Robab Latifnejad Roudsari ◽

Amy Elhadi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Women’S Health ◽

Women's Health ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Health Consequences ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a general health concern. The World Health Organization has recognized it as a condition that endangers women’s health. This review study aimed to identify the types of health outcomes of FGM. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to create a critical view of the current evidence on the effect of circumcision on girls and women's health. In this study, we focused on the health risks of female circumcision. Academic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SID, IranMedex, Irandoc, and Magiran were searched with regard to the health consequences of FGM from January 1990 until 2018. Eleven review studies met the criteria and contained 288 relevant studies on the risks of FGM. It was suggested that FGM had various physical, obstetric, sexual, and psychological consequences. Women with FGM experienced mental disturbances (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses, anxiety, somatization, phobia, and low self-esteem) than other women. Our study can provide evidence on improving, changing behaviors, and making decisions on the quality of services offered to women suffering from FGM. [GMJ.2019;inpress:e1336]

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Female genital mutilation and noninvasive cervical abnormalities and invasive cervical cancer in Senegal, West Africa: A retrospective study

International Journal of Cancer ◽

10.1002/ijc.31829 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 144 (6) ◽

pp. 1302-1312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Allison L. Osterman ◽

Rachel L. Winer ◽

Geoffrey S. Gottlieb ◽

Marie-Pierre Sy ◽

Selly Ba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cervical Cancer ◽

Retrospective Study ◽

West Africa ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Invasive Cervical Cancer ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

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Health Consequences of the Female Genital Mutilation: A Systematic Review

Galen Medical Journal ◽

10.31661/gmj.v8i0.1336 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

pp. e1336

Author(s):

Khadijeh Sarayloo ◽

Robab Latifnejad Roudsari ◽

Amy Elhadi

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Women’S Health ◽

Women's Health ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Current Evidence ◽

Health Consequences ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Genital

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a general health concern. The World Health Organization has recognized it as a condition that endangers women’s health. This review study aimed to identify the types of health outcomes of FGM. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to create a critical view of the current evidence on the effect of Female genital on girls and women’s health. In this study, we focused on the health risks of female Female genital. Academic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SID, IranMedex, Irandoc, and Magiran were searched with regard to the health consequences of FGM from January 1990 until 2018. Eleven review studies met the criteria and contained 288 relevant studies on the risks of FGM. It was suggested that FGM had various physical, obstetric, sexual, and psychological consequences. Women with FGM experienced mental disturbances (e.g., psychiatric diagnoses, anxiety, somatization, phobia, and low self-esteem) than other women. Our study can provide evidence on improving, changing behaviors, and making decisions on the quality of services offered to women suffering from FGM.[GMJ.2019;8:e1336]

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Investigation of prevalence and complications of female genital circumcision: A systematic and meta-analytic review study

Current Pediatric Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573396317666210224143714 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Sara Abdoli ◽

Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi ◽

Ensiyeh Jenabi

Keyword(s):

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Female Circumcision ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Random Effect ◽

Random Effect Model ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Effect Model ◽

Analytic Review ◽

Prevalence Estimates ◽

Female Genital

Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the complications of circumcision and determine its prevalence in the studied areas. Method: In this study, the electronic databases of Scopus, PubMed, SID, Web of Science, Magiran were selected to search the total population of observational studies published in Persian and English on the prevalence and circumcision complications in girls. The keywords searched for this purpose were as follows: female genital mutilation, Infibulations, Epidemiologic Methods, Clitorectomies, Female Circumcision, Clitorectomy, Clitoridectomy Complications, Prevalence, associated disease, coexistent conditions, and sequels associated with concomitant conditions, and coexistent disease and their Persian equivalent words. Prevalence estimates of all studies were pooled using a random-effects model at a confidence level of 95%. The bias in the published results of the studies and any reporting errors were examined using Begg and Egger’s statistical tests. Out of 3756 studies, 45 articles were included in the study after excluding irrelevant and repetitive articles. Results: After reviewing the articles in this field, it was determined that female genital mutilation has sexual complications, problems during childbirth, physical and psychological complications. The prevalence of female genital circumcision in world and Iran in the study areas was obtained using the random effect model was estimated to be 61% (95%, CI = 0.49, 0.73) and 61% (95%, CI = 0.52, 0.70), respectively. In other areas, the prevalence was reported to be close to zero. In total among different countries of world in the study area, Of the 207,709 participants surveyed, 110,596 had undergone female genital circumcision (110,596 of 207,709). Conclusion: The effects of female genital mutilation on girls are high and require government intervention in various countries.

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Alternative Rites of Passage in FGM/C Abandonment Campaigns in Africa: A research opportunity

LIAS Working Paper Series ◽

10.29311/lwps.201812820 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Laurence Droy ◽

Lotte Hughes ◽

Mark Lamont ◽

Peter Nguura ◽

Damaris Parsitau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

East Africa ◽

Female Genital Mutilation ◽

Rites Of Passage ◽

Future Research ◽

Paper Briefly ◽

Genital Mutilation ◽

Relational Processes ◽

Research Opportunity ◽

Selection Of ◽

Female Genital

Alternative Rites of Passage (ARP) are a relatively recent invention, and a key element in female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) abandonment strategies organised by NGOs in some regions of Africa, particularly East Africa. They aim to replicate traditional initiation rituals for pubescent girls who are transitioning to womanhood, but without FGM/C. This paper briefly describes the genesis of ARP in Kenya since 1996, and discusses its significance as a hybridised cultural assemblage that forms part of new cultural and relational processes. It emphasises the importance of examining the deep context in which ARP takes place, including the traditional ritual that it aims to replace. The paper identifies lacunae in the literature, and potential lines of enquiry for future research. The Appendix includes summaries of a selection of the literature on ARP.

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