Neonatal medicine

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-128
Keyword(s):  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Multidisciplinary Team ◽  
Postoperative Care ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Nutritional Requirements ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Neonatal Ventilation

Paediatric surgeons are key members of a multidisciplinary team where neonates are concerned and pre- and postoperative care needs to be optimal to achieve the best outcome. This chapter provides a background for medical care of the surgical neonate and begins with infant statistics, including definitions in the field, current UK birth trends, and live birth and mortality rates. The assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of newborn respiratory distress and neonatal ventilation (including indications for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)) are covered. The range of infant formula milks and nutritional requirements are described. Use and indications for antibiotics are given with a standardized dosage chart designed specifically for neonates is tabulated.

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Adults

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ◽  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Membrane Oxygenation

Despite advances in treatment, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remains a common cause of respiratory failure requiring ventilatory support and is associated with significantly high rates of morbidity and mortality. To date, the only treatment shown to increase survival rate in patients with ARDS is the use of supportive mechanical ventilation using low tidal volumes. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a therapy that has been used in severe cases of ARDS when patients fail to improve with traditional management. Recent literature shows varying mortality rates for the use of ECMO for ARDS; however, the literature suggests that transfer of patients to an ECMO center for treatment using specific criteria and indications may improve outcomes. Further research is needed regarding the timing of the initiation of ECMO, standardization of therapy, and which type of ECMO reduces morbidity and mortality rates in patients with ARDS.

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