Session 15: Mindless Eating (Part 2) and Mindful Decision-Making

This chapter (Session 15) discusses the dangers of mindless eating, which include a lack of awareness of the amount of food being consumed and a lack of conscious decision-making. The difference between mindless and mindful eating decisions is emphasized, and strategies to maximize mindful, deliberate decision-making are presented, such as the slowing down and interrupting of automatic decision-making processes and using up or down values voting.

Effect of different types of noises on the formations of swarming systems: the sensing-noise and the acting-noise

Modern Physics Letters B ◽

10.1142/s0217984914501863 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (23) ◽

pp. 1450186 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wen-Qiang Tian ◽

Dan Gao ◽

Ju-Feng Luo ◽

Wei-Yi Zhang ◽

Ying-Guan Wang

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Numerical Simulations ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Neighbor Distance ◽

Different Types ◽

The Difference ◽

The Way

In this paper, different types of noises, the sensing-noise and the acting-noise, are brought into the extended adaptive Attractive/Repulsive (A/R) swarming models to explore the role of noise in swarming formations. The difference between these two extended A/R models consists in the way in which the noise is introduced. The sensing-noise is added to the inputs of the swarming system which results in the uncertainty of the sensed information for agents, and it affects the whole processes of the swarming system. The acting-noise is added to the outputs of the swarming system, which does not affect the information-sensing and decision-making processes of the system, but it directly affects the action of swarms. With numerical simulations and analyses, the results show that the convergence of the expected swarming formation and the cohesiveness of the swarms may be affected to various degrees and suffered from certain negative impact due to the interference of different noises. We conclude that both the convergence and the cohesiveness are much more sensitive to the sensing-noise, and the model with acting-noise will be robust compared with the model with sensing-noise. Meanwhile we point out that, in the model with the interference of sensing-noise, too strong noises will lead to erroneous judgments of A/R function for agents. The sensed neighbor distance may fall into the zone of attraction, the zone of repulsion, or it may even fall into the zone of Non-A/R area. The original definite A/R function which is determined by the definite neighbor distance will evolve into the indefinite A/R function which is determined by the indefinite sensed neighbor distance. Along with the increase of the probability of such misjudgments, the effect of the A/R model will be progressively weakened. However, such phenomenon does not exist in the A/R model with the interference of acting-noise, in which the strong acting-noise leads the agents move randomly and spread apart gradually.

O Supremo Tribunal Federal e a autoridade constitucional compartilhada / Supremo Tribunal Federal and the shared constitutional authority

Revista Brasileira de Direito ◽

10.18256/2238-0604.2017.v13i3.1587 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 142

Author(s):

Bruno Meneses Lorenzetto ◽

Clèmerson Merlin Clève

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Key Words ◽

Opposite Direction ◽

Judicial Review ◽

Constitutional Interpretation ◽

Policy Decisions ◽

Public Officials ◽

Judicialization Of Politics ◽

Resumo: O artigo delineia a diferença entre a Constituição e os processos decisórios a respeito da interpretação constitucional. Defende a tese de que a transferência de decisões de macro política para Judiciário depende da transmissão do poder decisório para as Cortes por outros Poderes e que, após a decisão pelo Tribunal, ainda restam espaços para discussão, divergência e alteração da interpretação constitucional estabelecida. Porém, tais transformações devem ser acompanhadas de um grande esforço político para redefinir a composição dos agentes públicos detentores de autoridade constitucional. Argumenta, ademais, em sentido contrário ao ativismo judicial, a respeito da possibilidade do compartilhamento da autoridade constitucional entre os Poderes. Palavras-chave: Controle de constitucionalidade; Autoridade constitucional; Judicialização da política. Abstract: The article traces the difference between the Constitution and decision-making processes regarding constitutional interpretation. Defends the thesis that the transference of macro-policy decisions to the Judiciary depends on the transmission of decision-making power to the Courts by other Powers and that after the decision by the Court, there are still spaces for discussion, divergence and change of the constitutional interpretation established. However, such transformations, must be followed by a major political effort to redefine the composition of public officials holders of constitutional authority. It argues, furthermore, in the opposite direction of constitutional activism, about the possibility of sharing constitutional authority between the Powers. Key words: Judicial review; Constitutional authority; Judicialization of politics.

A nation's parks: failure and success in Fascist nature conservation

Modern Italy ◽

10.1080/13532944.2014.925435 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 275-285 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Wilko Graf von Hardenberg

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Nature Conservation ◽

National Parks ◽

Power Relationships ◽

History Of ◽

National Power ◽

Nature conservation is a complex venture, with a great impact, among other things, on local and national power relationships. Nature conservation also depends on a wide set of variables to determine any one planned initiative's long-term success or failure. This article explores what made the difference between success and failure in the history of nature conservation under Mussolini's regime. Many parks were planned in those years in Italy, but only a handful were effectively instituted. This essay will address the following questions: What were the reasons behind the planning and creation of these national parks? What was the role of Fascist ideology in determining the long-term success of a park proposal? Was there anything specifically Fascist in Italian nature conservation in the 1920s and 1930s? Which other variables impacted on the involved decision-making processes?

Transforming Government's Policy-making Processes

JeDEM - eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government ◽

10.29379/jedem.v2i2.43 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 162-169 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Paul Johnston

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Government Policy ◽

Policy Process ◽

Policy Making ◽

The Difference ◽

Mass Participation

We have seen a lot of very welcome progress in terms of making it easier for citizens to input their views into government policy-making processes. However, governments and citizens are now in a similar situation – after a burst of initial enthusiasm, they are not sure what to do next. Governments have struggled to get the mass participation they would like and where significant participation has occurred, have had difficulty integrating it effectively into existing decision-making processes. Citizens have been unsure what to make of this new apparent openness and where they have engaged, have found it hard to know what difference their input made. The solution is to focus on using technology to make existing policy processes more transparent and more participative rather than creating separate e-participation initiatives. The challenge for governments is to open up the whole of the policy process and be prepared to flag up very clearly and explicitly the difference citizen input made. The challenge for e-democracy advocates is to convince policymakers that their ideas can improve the existing policy process rather than simply generating more inputs into it.

Slovenian social scientists’ understanding of public knowledge and participation in sustainable development: from deficit to mutual learning

Journal of Science Communication ◽

10.22323/2.13030203 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (03) ◽

pp. A03

Author(s):

Pika Zaloznik

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Sustainable Development ◽

Public Participation ◽

Public Knowledge ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Scientific Texts ◽

Deficit Model ◽

Participation In Decision Making ◽

Public participation in decision-making has in the last decades become a common refrain in political and scientific discourse, yet it does not often truly come to fruition. The present study focuses on the underlying issue, that of the construction of the difference between scientific and public knowledge and its consequences. Through discourse analysis of scientific texts on sustainable development three distinct groups of Slovenian social scientists were discerned that differed in their views on the relationship between scientific and public knowledge and consequently the role and nature of public participation in decision-making processes. With a rise in participatory practices the preponderance of the deficit model found in this study remains problematic.

The primacy of conscious decision making – ERRATUM

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x12099931 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 46

Author(s):

David R. Shanks ◽

Ben R. Newell

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Conscious Decision

The primacy of conscious decision making – RETRACTION

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x12099918 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

David R. Shanks ◽

Ben R. Newell

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Conscious Decision

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2020_jslhr-20-00128 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-17

Author(s):

Jennifer M. Roche ◽

Arkady Zgonnikov ◽

Laura M. Morett

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Cognitive Processing ◽

Language Processing ◽

Cognitive Effort ◽

Mouse Tracking ◽

Computer Mouse ◽

Computer Mouse Tracking ◽

Listening Task ◽

Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

“It's Not Humanly Possible to Do Everything”: Perspectives on Intervention Decision-Making Processes of Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Perspectives on Language Learning and Education ◽

10.1044/lle22.1.13 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 13-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Erinn Finke ◽

Kathryn Drager ◽

Elizabeth C. Serpentine

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individualized Education Program ◽

Children With Autism ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Sources Of Information ◽

Individual Decision ◽

Spectrum Disorders ◽

Interview Methodology ◽

Communication Interventions

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to understand the decision-making processes used by parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) related to communication-based interventions. Method Qualitative interview methodology was used. Data were gathered through interviews. Each parent had a child with ASD who was at least four-years-old; lived with their child with ASD; had a child with ASD without functional speech for communication; and used at least two different communication interventions. Results Parents considered several sources of information for learning about interventions and provided various reasons to initiate and discontinue a communication intervention. Parents also discussed challenges introduced once opinions of the school individualized education program (IEP) team had to be considered. Conclusions Parents of children with ASD primarily use individual decision-making processes to select interventions. This discrepancy speaks to the need for parents and professionals to share a common “language” about interventions and the decision-making process.