Comparing public attitudes, knowledge, beliefs and behaviours towards antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in Australia, United Kingdom, and Sweden (2010-2021): A systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparative policy analysis

Background Social and behavioural drivers of inappropriate antibiotic use contribute to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Recent reports indicate the Australian community consumes more than twice the defined daily doses (DDD) of antibiotics per 1000 population than in Sweden, and about 20% more than in the United Kingdom (UK). We compare measures of public knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surrounding AMR in Australia, the UK and Sweden against the policy approaches taken in these settings to address inappropriate antibiotic use. Methods National antimicrobial stewardship policies in Australia, Sweden, and the UK were reviewed, supplemented by empirical studies of their effectiveness. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL databases for primary studies of the general public’s KAP around antibiotic use and AMR in each setting (January 1 2011 until July 30 2021). Where feasible, we meta-analysed data on the proportion of participants agreeing with identical or very similar survey questions, using a random effects model. Results Policies in Sweden enact tighter control of community antibiotic use; reducing antibiotic use through public awareness raising is not a priority. Policies in the UK and Australia are more reliant on practitioner and public education to encourage appropriate antibiotic use. 26 KAP were included in the review and 16 were meta-analysable. KAP respondents in Australia and the UK are consistently more likely to report beliefs and behaviours that are not aligned with appropriate antibiotic use, compared to participants in similar studies conducted in Sweden. Conclusions Interactions between public knowledge, attitudes and their impacts on behaviours surrounding community use of antibiotics are complex and contingent. Despite a greater focus on raising public awareness in Australia and the UK, neither antibiotic consumption nor community knowledge and attitudes are changing significantly. Clearly public education campaigns can contribute to mitigating AMR. However, the relative success of policy approaches taken in Sweden suggests that practice level interventions may also be required to activate prescribers and the communities they serve to make substantive reductions in inappropriate antibiotic use.

Pemilihan Material dan Desain yang Inovatif serta Kreatif

Material selection and innovative and creative designs are needed as a medium for reducing production costs by changing the design of a product but still paying attention to the safety of its users. The problem that occurs in the surrounding community is the lack of public knowledge about the selection of materials that can risk accidents that will be experienced by users which can be caused by the material not being strong enough to support the load it gets. Innovative and creative design aims to reduce the mass of the material but still refers to user safety. Inappropriate design can increase the risk of accidents and wasted costs in the production process. The method used in this community service is a material selection workshop and an introduction to machine design using solidworks software. Therefore, this community service will greatly help the community in the Karang-tempel Village, East Semarang District, increase their insight into the selection of materials and innovative designs as an increase in the quality of production and ensure the safety of users. Keywords: creative; desain; inovative; material selection; workshop Abstrak: Pemilihan material dan desain yang inovatif dan kreatif sangat diperlukan sebagai media pengurangan biaya produksi dengan merubah rancangan suatu produk akan tetapi tetap memperhatikan keselamatan dari penggunanya. Permasalahan yang terjadi di masyarakat sekitar akan kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pemilihan material yang dapat berisiko akan terjadinya kecelakaan yang akan dialami pengguna yang dapat disebabkan oleh material tidak cukup kuat untuk menopang beban yang didapatkannya. Desain yang inovatif dan kreatif bertujuan sebagai pengurangan massa dari material akan tetapi tetap merujuk kepada keselamatan pengguna. Desain yang tidak sesuai dapat meningkatkan risiko kecelakaan dan pemborosan biaya pada proses produksi. Metode yang digunakan pada pengabdian masyarakat ini adalah workshop pemilihan material dan pengenalan rancang bangun mesin menggunakan software solidworks. Oleh karena itu pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini akan sangat membantu mas-yarakat di lingkungan kelurahan Karang-tempel, kecamatan Semarang Timur untuk menambah wawasannya terhadap pemilihan material dan desain yang inovatif sebagai peningkatan kualitas hasil produksi dan menjamin keselamatan dari pengguna.Kata kunci: desain; inovatif; kreatif; pemilihan material; workshop

Public Knowledge About Emergency Care—Results of a Population Survey From Germany

Background: Knowledge and beliefs about health and health care are part of the general concept of health literacy. Studies demonstrated that large parts of the population report inadequate health literacy. There are only few studies specifically addressing public knowledge and beliefs about emergency care. We examine magnitude and social variations of public knowledge about emergency care in Germany.Methods: Analyses make use of a telephone survey conducted in Hamburg, Germany. Random sample consisted of 1,207 adult respondents. We asked whether the respondents know various emergency care services. Moreover, capabilities of dealing with an emergency case were assessed. Sex, age, education, and migration background were introduced as predictors into regression models.Results: 98% of the respondents stated to know the rescue service, while 74% knew the medical on call service and 49% were aware of an emergency practice nearby. About 71% of the interviewees said it was easy for them to find out whom to turn to in a case of a medical emergency. Fewer respondents found it easy to evaluate when to use emergency medical services and to evaluate whether a health problem is a medical emergency. Knowledge and capabilities were positively associated with education and negatively related to migration background.Conclusions: This study indicates a lack of public knowledge about emergency care and social inequalities in public knowledge according to education and migration status. Findings suggest that interventions are needed to improve public knowledge and that considering social inequalities should be a basic principle for such interventions.

Assistance and Education of Community Perception Related to Covid-19 Vaccine in Benteng Kelurahan, Ciamis District, Ciamis Regency

At the beginning of 2020, the whole world was shocked by the outbreak of a new virus, namely the corona virus which was suspected to be a new type of SARS COV-2. The Indonesian government has made various efforts to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic, including plans to provide a Covid-19 vaccine, but the public's main concern is on the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine, and whether the vaccine will be considered halal. Therefore, according to the review above, the researcher wants to carry out community service related to the perception of the covid-19 vaccine in the Benteng Village in order to have access to accurate information about the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine. This community service method is counseling and assistance to partners. The results of the activity showed that the community was very enthusiastic about participating in the Covid-19 vaccine counseling according to an Islamic view which contained information about the vaccine program, safety, halalness and effectiveness of the Covid-19 vaccine and actively participated in discussions and Q&A with companions. In conclusion, the Covid-19 Vaccine health education can increase public knowledge about the Covid-19 vaccine according to the Islamic view

Program Desa Wisata Aman dan Sehat: Edukasi Penolong Pertama Wisata Pulau

ABSTRAK Kegawatandarutan bisa terjadi dimana saja terutama wisata pulau. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan pertolongan pertama masyarakat wisata pulau. Metode pelaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah penyuluhan tentang pertolongan pertama wisata pulau kepada masyarakat Desa Lemukutan Kecamatan Sungai Raya Kepulauan. Hasil pengabdian kepada masyarakat didapatkan data terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat sebelum dan setelah penyuluhan kesehatan tentang pertolongan pertama wisata pulau. Peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang pertolongan pertama menjadi upaya penanganan kegawatdaruratan di Pulau Lemukutan. Kata Kunci: Pertolongan pertama, Pengetahuan, Edukasi ABSTRACT The emergency condition can occur anywhere, especially island tourism. The purpose of community service was to increase the knowledge of first aid for island tourism communities. The method of implementing community service is counseling about island tourism first aid to the people of Lemukutan Island, Sungai Raya Islands District. The results of community service showed that there was an increase in community knowledge before and after health counselling about island tourism first aid. Increasing public knowledge about first aid in an effort to handle emergencies on Lemukutan Island. Keywords: First Aid, Knowledge, Education

Edukasi: Peningkatan Pengetahuan Masyarakat tentang Vaksinasi Covid-19 di Dusun Tempit Desa Bajur Lombok Barat

ABSTRAK Vaksin Covid-19 merupakan bentuk pencegahan yang berfungsi mendorong pembentukan kekebalan tubuh sfesifik pada penyakit covid 19 agar terhindar dari tertular atau memungkinkan sakit berat. Sekitar 7,6 persen masyarakat yang menolak untuk divaksinasi dan 26,6 persen masyarakat belum memutuskan dan masih kebingungan untuk melakukan vaksinasi, sehingga diperlukan adanya edukasi kesehatan tentang vaksin Covid-19. Tujuan setelah dilakukan pendidikan kesehatan, diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman masyarakat tentang penyakit Covid-19, cara pencegahannya dan pemahaman tentang program vaksinasi Covid-19 di dusun tempit desa bajur lombok barat.. Adapun kegiatan yang dilakukan berupa kegiatan edukasi menggunakan LCD untuk penyampaian materi dan peserta diberikan leaflet. Terdapat peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman masyarakat tentang program vaksinasi covid-19 dari 60% menjadi 90%. Kata Kunci: Covid-19, Vaksinasi, Penyuluhan ABSTRACT A Covid-19 vaccine is a form of prevention that functions to encourage the formation of specific immunity for COVID-19 disease to avoid contracting or allowing serious illness. Around 7.6 percent of the people refuse to be vaccinated and 26.6 percent of the people have not decided and are still confused about getting vaccinated, so health education about the Covid-19 vaccine is needed. The goal after health education is carried out is that it is expected to increase public knowledge and understanding of the Covid-19 disease, how to prevent it, and understanding of the Covid-19 vaccination program in the tempest hamlet, Bajur Village, West Lombok. The activities carried out are in the form of educational activities using LCD to deliver material and participants were given leaflets. There is an increase in public knowledge and understanding of the covid-19 vaccination program from 60% to 90%. Keywords: Covid-19, vaccination, Counseling

Edukasi Pulau Wisata Aman Covid-19 di Desa Lemukutan Kecamatan Sungai Raya Kepulauan Kabupaten Bengkayang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat

ABSTRAKCovid-19 sangat mudah menular diantara masyarakat, terutama ditempat-tempat keramaian terutama daerah wisata. Banyak masyarakat yang tidak mematuhi anjuran kesehatan terhadap protokol kesehatan disebabkan pengetahuan yang rendah tentang covid-19. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat tentang pencegahan covid-19 di Desa Lemukutan. Metode palaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah penyuluhan tentang covid-19 dan skrining covid-19 kepada masyarakat Desa Lemukutan. Hasil pengabdian kepada masyarakat didapatkan data sebelum edukasi diperoleh tingkat pengetahuan dan kemampuan masayarakat dalam melakukan skrining covid-19 pada kategori kurang 43,3%, kategori cukup 33,3%, dan kategori baik 23,4%. Sedangkan setalah diberikan edukasi terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan dan kemampuan masayarakat dalam melakukan skrining covid-19 pada kategori cukup 30% dan kategori baik 70%. Peningkatan pengatahuan masyarakat tentang covid-19 dan kemampuan dalam melakukan skrining covid-19 menjadi salah satu upaya pencegahan covid-19. Kata Kunci: Edukasi, Skrining, Covid-19 ABSTRACTCovid-19 is very easy to spread among people, especially in crowded places, especially tourist areas. Many people do not comply with health recommendations regarding health protocols due to low knowledge about COVID-19. The purpose of community service is to increase community knowledge and skills about preventing COVID-19 in Lemukutan Village. The method of implementing community service is counseling about covid-19 and COVID-19 screening training to the people of Lemukutan Village. The results of community service obtained data before education obtained the level of knowledge and ability of the community in screening for COVID-19 in the less category 43.3%, the sufficient category 33.3%, and the good category 23.4%. Meanwhile, after being given education, there was an increase in the knowledge and ability of the community in screening for COVID-19 in the 30% sufficient category and 70% good category. Increasing public knowledge about COVID-19 and the ability to screen for COVID-19 is one of the efforts to prevent COVID-19. Keywords: Education, Screening, Covid-19.

Peningkatkan Pengetahuan Masyarakat tentang Manajemen Perawatan Hipertensi: Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat

ABSTRAK Hipertensi merupakan penyakit tidak menular yang menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kematian. Hipertensi dapat menyebabkan penyakit serius lainnya seperti penyakit stroke, penyakit jantung, penyakit ginjal dan lain-lain. Penderita hipertensi kebanyakan tidak menyadari bahwa mereka memiliki tekanan darah yang tinggi. Umumnya diketahui saat melakukan pemeriksaan kesehatan atau dalam kondisi kesehatan yang buruk. Tujuan pengabdian kepada masyarakat untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang manjemen hipertensi. Metode palaksanaan pengabdian kepada masyarakat adalah penyuluhan tentang hipertensi pada penderita hipertensi di Wilayah UPT Puskemas Gang Sehat Kota Pontianak. Hasil pengabdian kepada masyarakat didapatkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang manajemen hipertensi. Pengetahuan merupakan dasar dalam merubah perilaku seseorang menjadi lebih sehat. Kata Kunci: Edukasi, Hipertensi ABSTRACT Hypertension is a non-communicable disease that is one of the main causes of death. Hypertension can cause other serious diseases such as stroke, heart disease, kidney disease, and others. Most people with hypertension do not realize that they have high blood pressure. It is generally discovered during a medical examination or is in poor health. The purpose of community service is to increase public knowledge about hypertension management. The method of implementing community service is counseling about hypertension in hypertension sufferers in the UPT Puskemas Gang Sehat area, Pontianak City. The results of community service showed an increase in public knowledge about hypertension management. Knowledge is the basis for changing one's behavior to be healthier. Keywords: Education, Hypertension

Komunikasi, Informasi, dan Edukasi Tentang Pentingnya Imunisasi untuk Mencegah Covid-19 Di Kota Surabaya

ABSTRAK Wabah covid-19 telah dinyatakan sebagai darurat kesehatan global karena adanya laporan ribuan kasus dan bukti penularan dari manusia ke manusia. Salah satu upaya preventif adalah dengan imunisasi.Masyarakat perlu mengetahui tentang imunisasi untuk mencegah covid-19 dengan baik maka perlu diberikan komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi saat pandemi yang efektif dengan webinar sehingga masyarakat dapat mengaksesnya dari rumah tanpa harus berkerumun. Tujuan dari pengabdian masyarakat untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat tentang imunisasi untuk mencegah covid-19. Tingkat pengetahuan dinilai setelah peserta mengisi kuesioner melalui google form dengan melakukan perbandingan nilai pre test sebelum kegiatan dan post test setelah kegiatan. Berdasarkan hasil pre test yang diikuti oleh 66 responden dapat dinyatakan bahwa hasil pre test tentang pentingnya imunisasi sebesar 14 responden (21,2%) mengerti tentang imunisasi untuk mencegah covid-19 sedangkan berdasarkan hasil post test terdapat 54 responden (81,8%). Hasil uji statistik didapatkan p=0.001, artinya terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara pengetahuan masyarakat sebelum dengan setelah diberikan komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi menggunakan webinar. Pengabdian masyarakat dengan webinar series ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan status kesehatan masyarakat terutama capaian vaksin di wilayah Kelurahan Bongkaran, Kec Pabean Cantikan, Surabayasehingga diharapkan dapat menurunkan penularan infeksi covid-19. Kata kunci: komunikasi, informasi, dan edukasi, covid-19. ABSTRACT The covid-19 outbreak has been declared a global health emergency due to reports of thousands of cases and evidence of human-to-human transmission. One of the preventive efforts is immunization. The community needs to know about immunization to prevent covid-19 well, so it is necessary to provide communication, information, and education to overcome these problems. Effective communication, information, and education during the pandemic with webinars so that people can access them from home without having to crowd. The purpose of community service is to increase public knowledge about immunization to prevent covid-19. The level of knowledge was assessed after the participants filled out the questionnaire through the google form by comparing the pre-test scores before the activity and the post-test after the activity. Based on the results of the pre-test which was attended by 66 respondents, it can be stated that the results of the pre-test about the importance of immunization were 14 respondents (21.2%) understood about immunization to prevent covid-19, while based on the post-test results there were 54 respondents (81.8%). Statistical test results obtained p = 0.001, meaning that there is a significant difference between public knowledge before and after being given communication, information, and education using webinars. Community service with this webinar series is expected to improve public health status, especially vaccine achievements in the Bongkaran Village area, Pabean Cantikan District, Surabaya so that it is expected to reduce the transmission of Covid-19 infections. Keywords: communication, information, and education, covid-19.

Mapping the Mappers

Volunteered geographic information (VGI) platforms generate crowdsourced layers where a vast amount of shared and shareable geo-information is available. Monitoring the informative reliability of these sources is an important task, and the main VGI project, OpenStreetMap is a good testing ground to investigate how the collective intelligence made of users' networks creates public knowledge. OpenStreetMap (OSM) can be defined as a language of representation of real geographical entities shared as web maps. Mappers often work in solitude, but they stick to and strictly respect the rules given by their community. The aim is to create a geographical database used by anyone for any purpose. The chapter explores the following questions: How many contributors are there? Where are they and what do they collect? What are the interactions between them? The chapter illustrates what can be read from the OSM data, the available tools, and what could help researchers to understand this community.