Efficacy of Stem Injection Treatments on Striped Maple in Central West Virginia

Abstract Hack-and-squirt injection treatments were applied to individual striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum L.) stems and to the largest stem in sprout clumps in a 25-year-old clearcut in central West Virginia to evaluate seasonal efficacy of imazapyr as Arsenal (28.7%) and glyphosate as Glypro Plus (41.0%) in water carriers. Complete control of injected stems was achieved with all treatments. However, the Arsenal treatments resulted in greater control of basal sprouting, untreated striped maple stems, and sprout clumps. Treatment efficacies were higher in Septemberthan in June. Land managers can use the application methods described here and a 6% solution of Arsenal to effectively control individual striped maple stems and sprout clumps.

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Herbicide Hardwood Crop Tree Release in Central West Virginia

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/18.2.46 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 46-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽

Shepard M. Zedaker ◽

James E. Johnson ◽

David Wm. Smith ◽

Gary W. Miller

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

Basal Area ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Fagus Grandifolia ◽

Black Cherry ◽

Complete Control ◽

Tree Damage ◽

Stem Injection ◽

The Future ◽

Low Volume

Abstract Chemical crop tree release treatments were applied to young hardwood stands at three sites in central West Virginia to evaluate the effectiveness of glyphosate as Accord (41.5% SL), imazapyr as Arsenal AC (53.1% SL) and Chopper (27.6% EC), and triclopyr as Garlon 3A (44.4% triethylamine salt SL), and Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester EC) using hack-and-squirt injection and low volume stem bark band application methods. American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) was a major competitor to black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) crop trees at each site. The treatments were applied in June and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), which utilized visual symptoms, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled.After 12 months, almost complete control (99+%) was achieved with the Accord, Garlon 3A, and Arsenal AC injection treatments across all study sites. The low volume stem bark band treatments used in this study were not effective. The imazapyr treatments adversely affected several crop trees and are not recommended for hardwood crop tree release. Some crop tree damage was inflicted by the Accord treatments, but when suggested guidelines are followed, Accord is recommended for crop tree release treatments. No crop tree damage was observed in the Garlon 3A treatments. The costs of the injection treatments expressed in dollars/ft2 of basal area controlled were as follows: Accord ($0.91), Garlon 3A ($1.04), and Arsenal AC ($0.84). The Northeast Decision Model Stand Inventory Processor using the NE-TWIGS growth simulator was used to predict the future composition and value of projected stands. The stem injection treatments more than doubled projected growth of black cherry basal area. Real rates of return for investment in weed tree control averaged 8.77% for stem injection treatments. This study indicates that chemical crop tree release treatments using stem injection with label recommended solutions of Accord or Garlon 3A are an effective way to increase the future value of Appalachian hardwood stands. North. J. Appl. For. 18(2):46–54.

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Preharvest Manual Herbicide Treatments for Controlling American Beech in Central West Virginia

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/21.1.40 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 40-49 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽

James N. Kochenderfer ◽

David A. Warner ◽

Gary W. Miller

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

Basal Area ◽

Fagus Grandifolia ◽

Black Cherry ◽

American Beech ◽

Complete Control ◽

Area Reduction ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Application Methods ◽

Four Levels

Abstract Application costs and efficacy were determined for manual preharvest herbicide treatments applied to control American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) that was interfering with the establishment and development of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) in central West Virginia. The treatments consisted of four levels of basal area reduction using combinations of two application methods: hack-and-squirt injection with Accord (41.5%) and basal spraying with Garlon 4 (61.6% butoxyethyl ester). The treatments were applied in late Aug. 2000 and evaluated 12 months after treatment. A numerical rating system ranging from 1 to 7 (0–100% crown affected), based on a visual estimation of top kill, was used to evaluate the efficacy of each treatment. Trees receiving a rating of 5 (75% crown control) or greater were considered controlled. After 12 months, almost complete control (99%) was achieved with both application methods. Injection of ≥6.0-in. dbh beech stems also controlled 52% and 21.6% of small untreated beech understory stems in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh and 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh classes, respectively. Average application costs (chemical and labor) ranged from $39.28/ac for injection of 159 stems/ac ≥6 in. dbh to $80.32/ac for basal spraying 396 stems/ac in the 1.0- to 5.9-in. dbh class and $230.09/ac for basal spraying 3,743 stems/ac in the 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh class. Basal spraying the numerous small 2-ft tall to 0.9-in. dbh stems dramatically increased treatment costs. Black cherry occupied 30% of total stand basal area and accounted for 91% of total stand value ($6,288.10/ac). Application costs expressed as a percentage of total stand value ranged from <1% for the injection-only treatment up to 6.5% for combination basal spray and injection treatments. The individual stem herbicide application methods described here are applicable to the steep topography and small nonindustrial ownerships found in Appalachia.

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A comparison of two stem injection treatments applied to American beech in central West Virginia

10.2737/nrs-rp-21 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Jeffrey D. Kochenderfer ◽

Gary W. Miller ◽

James N. Kochenderfer

Keyword(s):

West Virginia ◽

American Beech ◽

Stem Injection

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Control of Ailanthus altissima Using Stem Herbicide Application Techniques

Arboriculture & Urban Forestry ◽

10.48044/jauf.2007.007 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 33 (1) ◽

pp. 55-63

Author(s):

Joseph DiTomaso ◽

Guy Kyser

Keyword(s):

Good Control ◽

Ailanthus Altissima ◽

Complete Control ◽

Tree Of Heaven ◽

Stem Injection ◽

Application Techniques ◽

Injection Techniques ◽

Excellent Control ◽

Standard Rate ◽

Cut Stump

Three herbicides were tested using four stem application techniques for control of both single trunks and clumps of tree-of-heaven [Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle]. Imazapyr, triclopyr, and glyphosate were applied using cut stump, stump injection, and stem injection techniques. Imazapyr and triclopyr were also applied as a basal bark treatment. Treatments were compared against manual cutting and untreated controls. Untreated cut stems did not provide control of tree-of-heaven. Cut stump treatment with imazapyr and triclopyr (20% v/v in oil) resulted in more than 90% reduction in both vigor ratings and resprouting of single stems and clumps. In contrast, stump injection applications were ineffective with all herbicides. For stem injection treatments, undiluted imazapyr gave the best results (>95% canopy reduction), but glyphosate also provided excellent control (92% canopy reduction). Removing stems 4, 8, or 12 months after treatment did not impact the level of control with imazapic. Imazapic at half the standard rate also gave good control of multistemmed clumps. Basal bark treatments with imazapyr or triclopyr (20% v/v in oil) gave equally good results, providing nearly complete control. Triclopyr is less selective than imazapyr and thus offers a better option when desirable vegetation surrounds the stems. These results provide several effective options for the control of tree-of-heaven in both urban and riparian sites.

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