Request, Coalesce, Serve, and Forget: Miss-Optimized Memory Systems for Bandwidth-Bound Cache-Unfriendly Applications on FPGAs

Applications such as large-scale sparse linear algebra and graph analytics are challenging to accelerate on FPGAs due to the short irregular memory accesses, resulting in low cache hit rates. Nonblocking caches reduce the bandwidth required by misses by requesting each cache line only once, even when there are multiple misses corresponding to it. However, such reuse mechanism is traditionally implemented using an associative lookup. This limits the number of misses that are considered for reuse to a few tens, at most. In this article, we present an efficient pipeline that can process and store thousands of outstanding misses in cuckoo hash tables in on-chip SRAM with minimal stalls. This brings the same bandwidth advantage as a larger cache for a fraction of the area budget, because outstanding misses do not need a data array, which can significantly speed up irregular memory-bound latency-insensitive applications. In addition, we extend nonblocking caches to generate variable-length bursts to memory, which increases the bandwidth delivered by DRAMs and their controllers. The resulting miss-optimized memory system provides up to 25% speedup with 24× area reduction on 15 large sparse matrix-vector multiplication benchmarks evaluated on an embedded and a datacenter FPGA system.

Design and Implementation of Floating-Point Addition and Floating-Point Multiplication

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of Floating point addition and Floating point Multiplication. There are many multipliers in existence in which Floating point Multiplication and Floating point addition offers a high precision and more accuracy for the data representation of the image. This project is designed and simulated on Xilinx ISE 14.7 version software using verilog. Simulation results show area reduction and delay reduction as compared to the conventional method. Keywords: FIR Filter, Floating point Addition, Floating point Multiplication, Carry Look Ahead Adder

A ReRAM Memory Compiler for Monolithic 3D Integrated Circuits in a Carbon Nanotube Process

We present a ReRAM memory compiler for monolithic 3D (M3D) integrated circuits (IC). We develop ReRAM architectures for M3D ICs using 1T-1R bit cells and single and multiple tiers of transistors for access and peripheral circuits. The compiler includes an automated flow for generation of subarrays of different dimensions and larger arrays of a target capacity by integrating multiple subarrays. The compiler is demonstrated using an M3D process design kit (PDK) based on a Carbon Nanotube Transistor technology. The PDK includes multiple layers of transistors and back-end-of-the-line integrated ReRAM. Simulations show the compiled ReRAM macros with multiple tiers of transistors reduces footprint and improves performance over the macros with single-tier transistors. The compiler creates layout views that are exported into library exchange format or graphic data system for full-array assembly and schematic/symbol views to extract per-bit read/write energy and read latency. Comparison of the proposed M3D subarray architectures with baseline 2D subarrays, generated with a custom-designed set of bit cells and peripherals, demonstrate up to 48% area reduction and 13% latency improvement.

Data-Driven Forest Cover Change and Its Driving Factors Analysis in Africa

Forest cover plays an important role in sustaining ecological security to realize Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The research target area is composed of the African region which is experiencing unprecedented deforestation based on the data collection from 54 countries and regions between 2000 and 2020. Spatial autocorrelation analysis, global principal component analysis, and geographic detector model have been used as the core research tool. The temporal and spatial patterns of forest cover change in Africa and the driving effects of population growth, economic and trade, social development, arable land expansion, and other factors on forest cover change in different periods have been demonstrated. The findings are as follows: 1) extremely unequal distribution of Africa forest has caused forest area reduction in 20 years. The reduction quantity of forest has been illustrated from strong to weak: Central Africa (strongest), East Africa (higher strong), West Africa (medium), South Africa (higher weak), and North Africa (weakest). However, the forest reduction area in West Africa with the original ratio is the most significant. More than 80% of the forest area reduction in Africa has occurred in 14 countries, just five national forest areas to achieve the net growth, but the increase amount was only 1% of loss amount. 2) The spatial pattern of forest cover change in Africa contracted and clustered gradually, especially after 2012. Algeria was the hotspot cluster of Morocco and Tunisia, forming the increase area of forest cover in North Africa. Zambia, the coldest point, gathers Angola significantly, while the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania form a significantly reduced forest cover area. 3) Total population, land area, cultivated land, urban population, consumer price index, and birth rate are the main factors influencing the temporal evolution of forest cover change in Africa. It can be divided into four stages to interpret the different explanations and significance of each factor for forest cover change in the study area.

Analisis Hidrologi untuk Perencanaan Sistem Polder di DKI Jakarta

The application of the polder system for flood control in DKI Jakarta has become a must for coastal areas, especially with the construction of sea dikes along the coast of Jakarta as a solution to anticipate tidal flooding. One thing to consider when using a polder system in flood control is how much pump capacity and reservoir are needed. To answer this quetions, a hydrological analysis has been carried out with several method approaches, starting from determining the rainfall design in the form of a depth duration frequency curve in 1 hour to 48 hours, and then applied area reduction factor (ARF) to corrected rainfall design. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) method are uses to calculated runoff or effective rainfall and then with the unit hydrograph by time area method to produce a runoff hydrograph. Based on this approach, the Sentiong Polder plan has been carried out with the result that the required pump capacity for a 25-year return period is 32 m3/s and 50 m3/s for a 100-year return period with a storage capacity used of 1,507,500 m3. If you want to reduce the pump capacity, it is necessary to increase the storage capacity.

Design and Implementation of Radix 8 Booth Encoding Multiplier for Low Area and High-Speed Applications

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of the Radix 8 Booth Encoding Multiplier. There are many multipliers in existence in which Radix 8 Booth Encoding Multiplier offers a decrease in area and provides high speed due to its diminution in the number of partial products. This project is designed and simulated on Xilinx ISE 14.7 version software using VHDL (Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language). Simulation results show area reduction by 33.4% and delay reduction by 45.9% as compared to the conventional method. Keywords: Booth Multiplier, Radix 8, Partial Product

Accelerative Effect of Cinnamon Nanoparticles as well as HAMLET on Healing of Wounds Infected with MRSA in Diabetic Rats

Objective. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cinnamon nanoparticles (CNPs) on healing of wounds infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurous with human alpha-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells sensitization in diabetic rats. Methods. We included fifty diabetic male rats and divided them into 5 groups. There were 10 rats in each group as follows: CONTROL group: we did not infect the CONTROL group. The wound was only covered with sterile saline 0.9% solution (0.1 mL). INFCTD group: in this group, the wounds were infected with MRSA and covered with sterile saline 0.9% solution (0.1 mL). INFCTD-HMLT group: in this group, the wounds were infected with MRSA and HAMLET (100 μg). INFCTD-CNM group: in this group, the wounds were infected with MRSA and 0.1 mL CNPs (1 mg/mL) were applied topically to wounds. INFCTD-HMLT-CNM group: in this group, the wounds were infected with MRSA, HAMLET (100 μg), and 0.1 mL CNPs (1 mg/mL). Results. Bacteriology, wound area reduction measurements, biochemistry, histomorphometrical studies, hydroxyproline levels, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for caspase-3, Bcl-2, and p53 showed significant difference between rats in the INFCTD-HMT-CNM group in comparison with other groups ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusions. Accelerated healing of diabetic wounds infected with MRSA showed that local application of cinnamon nanoparticles along with HAMLET sensitization on S. aureus-infected wound could be taken into consideration.

Living on the edge: genetic structure and geographic distribution in the threatened Markham’s Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates markhami)

Migratory birds are threatened by habitat loss and degradation, illegal killings, ineffective conservation policies, knowledge gaps and climate change. These threats are particularly troubling in the Procellariiformes (Aves), one of the most endangered bird groups. For “storm-petrels”, their cryptic breeding behavior, asynchrony between populations, and light pollution pose additional threats that contribute to increased mortality.Markham’s Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates markhami), a poorly known migratory species, is a pelagic bird that breeds in dispersed colonies in the Sechura and Atacama Deserts, with asynchronous reproduction between colonies, and is highly affected by artificial lights. Considering its complex conservation scenario and singular breeding, we expected to find narrow habitat distribution conditions, strong geographic genetic structure, and spatially differentiation related to human population activities (e.g., light pollution) and the climate global change. To evaluate these predictions, we analyzed the phylogeography, current and future potential distribution based on mitochondrial gene ND1 and geographic records.The phylogeographic analyses revealed three well-supported clades (i.e., Paracas, Arica, and Salar Grande), and the geographical distribution modeled using an intrinsic conditional model (iCAR) suggests a positive relationship with the mean temperature of the wettest quarter and of the driest quarter, solar radiation, and anthropogenic disturbance. The future predictions under moderate and severe scenarios of global change indicated a drastic distribution area reduction, especially in the southern zone around Tarapacá and Antofagasta in Chile. These suggest a potential loss of unique genetic diversity and the need for conservation actions particularly focused at the edges of the H. markhami distribution.

Evaluation of the safety and healing potential of a fibroin-aloe gel film for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers

Objective: This study aimed to develop a wound dressing prepared from the blending of silkworm fibroin and aloe gel extract for use in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Methods: Fibroin extracted from silkworm cocoons and aloe gel extract were dissolved in deionised water. pH levels were then adjusted with lactic acid solution. A simple casting technique was used to obtain the fibroin–aloe gel film. The surface morphology, hardness, flexibility and infrared spectrum of the sterilised film were tested. Swelling ratio was measured from changes in weight. The cytocompatibility of the film to human dermal fibroblast was determined using XTT assay. Hard-to-heal DFUs (grade I Wagner score) were treated with the film for four weeks. The application site was assessed for allergic reactions and/or sensitisation. Wound size was measured using standardised digital photography. Results: A total of five hard-to-heal DFUs were treated. The obtained film sterilised with ozonation showed a non-porous structure. The elongation at break and tensile strength of the wet film were 9.00±0.95% and 6.89±1.21N, respectively. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy data indicated the presence of amides I, II and III, of peptide linkage, which are the chemical characteristics of the fibroin. Functional groups relating to healing activity of the aloe gel extract were also found. The swelling ratio of the film immersed in water for 24 hours was 0.8±0.01. In three DFUs (40–50mm2 in size), a wound area reduction of 0.4–0.8mm2/day was observed and were healed in 2–3 weeks. The remaining two SFUs (500mm2 in size) showed a wound area reduction of 4mm2/day and were almost closed at four weeks. No allergic reaction or infection was observed in any of the wounds. Conclusion: The obtained film showed a non-porous structure, and its strength and flexibility were adequate for storage and handling. The film tended to increase the proliferation of fibroblasts. The wound dressing showed potential for accelerating the healing rate of DFUs.

Miniaturized trisection BPF design using size-reduced substrate integrated coaxial resonators

The contribution of this work is to propose miniaturized trisection bandpass filters (BPFs) using size-reduced substrate integrated coaxial resonators (SICRs). The applied SICRs are operated under a coaxial mode. The occupied circuit area of the SICR developed from its structurally similar one, the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) cavity, is only 6.2% that of the latter, corresponding to a circuit-area reduction rate of 93.8%. The cross-coupling between the input and output resonators can be either a magnetic or electric coupling for locating the transmission zero near either the upper or lower passband edge, respectively. Sample trisection BPFs with magnetic/electric cross-couplings are built for experimental verification. Agreements between measured and simulated data are observed. These miniaturized trisection BPFs with a freely switchable transmission zero are endowed with the advantage of an excellent circuit-area efficiency in the category of SICR and SIW cavity trisection BPFs.