Monetary Expert on Monnet’s Action Committee for the United States of Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-176
Author(s):  
Ivo Maes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Monetary Integration ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
European Currency ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Parallel Currency ◽  
Reserve Fund ◽  
European Currency Unit

Robert Triffin played a key role in the debates on European monetary integration, especially as the monetary expert of Monnet’s Action Committee for the United States of Europe. He developed proposals for European monetary cooperation, especially a European Reserve Fund and a European currency unit, inspired by his experience of the European Payments Union. In his view, a European Reserve Fund could be constituted by pooling 10% to 20% of the international reserves of the member states’ central banks. A key moment was the 1969 Hague summit when Triffin, via Jean Monnet, provided the German chancellor Willy Brandt with a plan for European monetary integration. Moreover, through his activities and connections in the world of commercial banking and finance, Triffin also actively promoted the European currency unit as a parallel currency in financial transactions and markets.

The Future of the European Community: A Strategy for Enlargement

1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pinder
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Community ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Union ◽  
European Currency ◽  
French Government ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Recurrent Theme ◽  
De Gaulle

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WIDENING AND DEEPENING HAS been a recurrent theme since the foundation of the Community, when Britain refused to join in taking what the Schuman declaration, which launched the European Coal and Steel Community in May 1950, called ‘a first step in the federation of Europe’. When Britain sought membership in 1961, Jean Monnet, who had drafted the Schuman declaration, got his Action Committee for the United States of Europe to affirm that the British would be joining, not just the Community as it then stood, but ‘the economic and political union which is in the process of formation’; and the Committee called -for the establishment of a European Reserve Union as ‘the first step’ towards the goal of a European currency. Both the widening to include Britain and the deepening in the direction of a union were vetoed by President de Gaulle. But both projects outlasted him; and, when British membership was once again considered after his departure in 1969, the French government devised the formulation that widening must be accompanied by ‘completion’ and ‘deepening’.

scholarly journals Fungicide Resistance Management Guidelines for the Control of Tomato Diseases in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast Regions of the United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian A. Wyenandt ◽  
Steven L. Rideout ◽  
Beth K. Gugino ◽  
Margaret T. McGrath ◽  
Kathryne L. Everts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fungicide Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Action Committee ◽  
Tomato Diseases

Foliar diseases and fruit rots occur routinely on tomato, an important crop grown throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions of the United States where it is produced for both fresh-market and processing. To enable these tomato growers to more effectively manage economically important diseases, a fungicide resistance management table has been developed which promotes the importance of understanding FRAC (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee) codes and provides an integrated pest management tool for tomato growers which will allow them to develop season-long disease control programs with an emphasis on fungicide resistance management. Accepted for publication 19 July 2010. Published 27 August 2010.

Book Reviews

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-367
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Exchange Rates ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Currency Crises ◽  
The United States ◽  
Exchange Rate Policy ◽  
Monetary Integration ◽  
The Political ◽  
Currency Policy

Benjamin J. Cohen of University of California, Santa Barbara reviews “Currency Politics: The Political Economy of Exchange Rate Policy”, by Jeffry A. Frieden. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Analyzes the politics surrounding exchange rates, including the influence of industries on the political process. Discusses the political economy of currency choice; a theory of currency policy preferences; the United States─from greenbacks to gold, 1862-79; the United States─silver threats among the gold, 1880-96; European monetary integration─from Bretton Woods to the euro and beyond; Latin American currency policy, 1970-2010; the political economy of Latin American currency crises; and the politics of exchange rates─implications and extensions.” Frieden is Professor of Government at Harvard University.

The Statistics of American Commercial Banking, 1782–1818

1965 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Van Fenstermaker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Capital Stock ◽  
Annual Report ◽  
The United States ◽  
Commercial Banking ◽  
Early America ◽  
Bank Note ◽  
Treasury Department

In spite of its importance to economic development, much remains unknown about commercial banking in early America. The Historical Statistics of the United States gives the number of banks, their capital stock, bank note circulation, deposits, and specie for only four years prior to 1830, and these data are far from complete. Economic and financial historians generalize about this period from statistics presented in Albert Gallatin's Considerations on the Currency of the United States and from the reports of the Treasury Department, summarized in the Annual Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, 1876.

scholarly journals Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Isolates from Strawberry with Reduced Sensitivity to Polyoxin D Zinc Salt

Plant Disease ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 100 (10) ◽  
pp. 2057-2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeline E. Dowling ◽  
Meng-Jun Hu ◽  
Linus T. Schmitz ◽  
Jennifer R. Wilson ◽  
Guido Schnabel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Zinc Salt ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Action Committee

Polyoxin D is a Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) code 19 fungicide that was recently registered for gray mold control of strawberry in the United States. In this study, we determined the sensitivity to polyoxin D zinc salt (hereafter, polyoxin D) of Botrytis cinerea isolates from 41 commercial strawberry farms in South Carolina, North Carolina, Maryland, Virginia, and Ohio and investigated the fitness of sensitive (S) and reduced sensitive (RS) isolates. Relative mycelial growth ranged between 0 and over 100% on malt extract agar amended with a discriminatory dose of polyoxin D at 5 μg/ml. Isolates that grew more than 70% at that dose were designated RS and were found in three of the five states. The 50% effective dose (EC50) values of three S and three RS isolates ranged from 0.59 to 2.27 and 4.6 to 5.8 μg/ml, respectively. The three RS isolates grew faster on detached tomato fruit treated with Ph-D WDG at recommended label dosage than S isolates (P < 0.008). In all, 25 randomly selected RS isolates exhibited reduced sporulation ability (P < 0.0001) and growth rate (P < 0.0001) but increased production of sclerotia (P < 0.0386) compared with 25 S isolates. Of 10 isolates tested per phenotype, the number of RS isolates producing sporulating lesions on apple, tomato, and strawberry was significantly lower compared with S isolates (P < 0.0001 for each fruit type). The results of this study indicate that resistance management is necessary for fungicides containing polyoxin D. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating reduced sensitivity to FRAC 19 fungicides in B. cinerea isolates from the United States.

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