The Pharmaceutical Industry

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart O. Schweitzer ◽  
Z. John Lu
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Product Liability ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Private And Public

Understanding the pharmaceutical industry is a complex mission, requiring a thorough understanding not only of the firms that produce drugs but also of the decision-making process involved in drug selection for patients, the role of insurance and other third-party payers, and the substantial role of government in monitoring and regulating many aspects of the marketplace for pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides an overview of the pharmaceutical industry, including the market structure, the stages of research and development (R&D) and the associated costs, the role of government regulation in R&D and approval, and the role of product liability in the research process. It notes the important distinction between basic research and applied research, and explains the roles of the private and public sectors in each. The chapter ends with a discussion of the development of pharmaceuticals for poor countries.

scholarly journals Legal Standing of Customary Land in Indonesia: A Comparative Study of Land Administration Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Mustafa Bola
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Land Law ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Develop Land ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Land Administration Systems

Prove of land ownership by customary land is generally unwritten, just a confession of the surrounding communities with nature sign boundaries. If land ownership cannot be supported by strong evidence, the land may be registered by someone else who has getting physically for 20 years or more in consecutively and qualified on Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. Proof of old rights derived from the customary land law is rationally difficult to prove because there are no written documents. Customary land law does not know written ownership, only physical possession continually so it is very prone to conflict or dispute. In order to develop land administration in Indonesia, the values of customary land law contained in its principles is expected to be reflected in the land administration so it can reduce land conflict in the community. The role of customary land law has a large portion of the national land law. The role of government or ruling is very important to create a conducive condition in the land sector. A land is not allowed for personal or group interests, its use must be adjusted with the condition and the characteristic of their rights so useful, both for the prosperity and helpful to community and state.

Propagated Fish in Resource Management

2004 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Native Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Selection Of Species ◽  
Aquaculture Development ◽  
Selection Of

<em>Abstract.</em>—Aquaculture development in the United States continues its expansion from freshwater into coastal and nearshore oceanic environments. As it does so, the selection of species to culture and the location of culture operations are generating much debate about the role of government entities, especially agriculture and conservation agencies, in the management of this development. Many in the industry argue that regulations are already too onerous, subsidies are too few, governmental encouragement is too little, and that the best way to correct these problems is to place all control over the development in governmental agriculture agencies. Others argue that the potential environmental impacts of aquaculture could be so adverse, or at least so uncertain that conservation agencies need to impose even more controls. This debate occurred in Texas in the 1980s as private aquaculture sought to increase the culture of nonindigenous species, in both private and public waters. The potential effects on native species in public waters led to legislation that attempted to balance economic development with environmental safeguards. However, only Texas was affected by the statute and subsequent regulations. Since the potential environmental affects of aquaculture development will undoubtedly cross local, state, and tribal boundaries, it is now felt by many that the regulation of the species cultured and sites selected should be a federal issue. The same questions about who within the federal government should have responsibility for managing aquaculture development require resolution. This paper will examine lessons learned from the Texas experience for possible application in the federal arena.

scholarly journals Adoption of Sustainable Technology in the Malaysian SMEs Sector: Does the Role of Government Matter?

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Fauzan Abu Bakar ◽  
Majharul Talukder ◽  
Ali Quazi ◽  
Irfanuzzaman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adoption Process ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Sustainable Technology

This paper looks at the role of government as a novel dimension in the adoption of sustainable technology by small and medium enterprises (SME) in Malaysia. This determinant stems from the fact that, in many transitional economies, private sector organizations encounter resource constraints as a barrier to innovation adoption. This is especially the case with sustainable technology incorporated into business operations. Therefore, third party intervention into the adoption process becomes inevitable and it is considered to make the adoption process more effective. A government has both the power and resources to play a pivotal role in the adoption of sustainable technology. Given this state of affairs, this study examines the government’s role as a critical factor in achieving smooth and efficient adoption. The theory of reasoned action (TRA) serves as the theoretical underpinning of this study. The data were collected from a sample of 263 SMEs in Malaysia. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data. It was found that government policies and subsidies are critical in encouraging the adoption of sustainable technology in Malaysia. This paper discusses the implications for government-driven adoption of sustainable technology, identifies the limitations of the analysis, and avenues of future research in this very relevant and expanding field.

Who Fills the Global Governance Gap? Rethinking the Roles of Business and Government in Global Governance

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Burkard Eberlein
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Global Reporting Initiative ◽  
The Political ◽  
Role Of Government ◽  
Political Role ◽  
Political Csr ◽  
Shifting Balance ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Zero Sum

Political CSR has made great strides towards a better appreciation of the political involvement of corporations in global governance. However, its portrayal of the shifting balance between business and government in the globalized economy rests on a central, yet largely uncontested, assumption: that of a zero-sum constellation of substitution in which firms take on public responsibilities to fill governance gaps left by governments. This conceptual paper expands the political CSR perspective and makes three contributions to the debate on the political role of business and the role of government in global governance. First, it deconstructs the problematic assumptions underlying the zero-sum notion of governance gaps filled by corporations. Second, it offers a variable-sum mapping of how private and public authority interact in global governance where substitution is only one of four constellations. The mapping identifies ‘soft steering’ as a prominent mode of governments governing business conduct. Third, the paper theorizes ‘orchestration’, a ‘soft steering’ tool discussed in the global governance literature, from an organizational, corporate perspective. It identifies the mechanisms through which orchestration may address the barriers to corporate engagement with the public good and applies these mechanisms to the case of the Global Reporting Initiative.

Controlling Hospital Costs: The Role of Government Regulation

1982 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carson W. Bays ◽  
Paul L. Joskow
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Hospital Costs ◽  
Role Of Government
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