Una bestia da guidare

The aim of this paper is to analyse the numerous metaphors that Plato employs in his Republic to symbolise the ignorance, the immorality, and the political inadequacy of the “multitude”, in other words the people who live in a democracy. Plato’s symbols highlight the negativity – illustrated in other dialogues as well – of the Athenian demos in order to suggest the only political role that people must play: becoming subjects of the “divine” philosophers in the perfect city described in the Republic. Only by relying on philosophers’ guidance can the multitude be saved from itself: through one of the most recurrent symbols of the demos, the animal, Plato reveals his scepticism towards democracy and his preference for an oligarchy ruled by philosophers.

The Humble Reason. On Education in Kant and Fichte

In this paper I will focus on education as the core function of reason in Kant and Fichte. The notion of reason carries an intrinsic tendency to universality, which is difficult to be reconciled with its local (cultural, historical, anthropological) background and actualisation. I believe that the stress on the importance of learning, which can be seen in the works of both Kant and Fichte, might provide useful clues to approaching the relation between universality and particularity. I will start by focusing on Kant’s narration on the genealogy of human reason in the Conjectural Beginning of Human History, and then move on to the critical writings and selected lectures in order to focus on the role of human dignity and ethical education for the moral appraisal and the practice of virtue. Later, I will consider Fichte’s lectures on the Vocation of the Scholar, the Vocation of Man and The Characteristics of the Present Age, which are crucial to understanding the social, ethical and political role of the scholar. For Fichte, education is the best instrument to eradicate selfishness, regarded as a historical phenomenon which can lead a nation to ruin. I will then provide some conclusions concerning the two accounts and their implications.

Políticas sociales de protección a las familias en dificultad en tiempos de pandemia

Families generate social capital for society, playing an essential economic, social and political role for social cohesion and sustainability. The emergence of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has profoundly altered family realities and care strategies. The pandemic has highlighted the weaknesses of social protection policies in general and those aimed at families in particular. The article analyzes the changes in family structure and behavior, the social exclusion of households and the protection policies and programs aimed at families with greater social difficulties that are developed by the different public administrations in Spain. The research methodology is based on the systematization and analysis of statistical sources, updated studies and research, and the content analysis of the policies, plans and measures that are developed from the different levels of public administration, especially in the social services system. The research results confirm that social policies for the protection and support of families are scarce, insufficient in coverage and amount, fragmented and unequal in the territories. It is necessary to increase the extension of coverage and the quality of services and social benefits to improve the quality and living conditions of families, especially in times of pandemic peñando un papel económico, social y político imprescindible para la cohesión y sostenibilidad social. La irrupción del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha alterado profundamente las realidades familiares y las estrategias de cuidado. La pandemia ha evidenciado las debilidades de las políticas de protección social en general y las destinadas a las familias en particular. El artículo analiza los cambios en la estructura y comportamientos familiares, la exclusión social de los hogares y las políticas y programas de protección destinadas a las familias con mayores dificultades sociales que se desarrollan desde las diferentes administraciones públicas en España. La metodología de investigación se basa en la sistematización y análisis de fuentes estadísticas, estudios e investigaciones actualizadas y el análisis de contenido de las políticas, planes y medidas que se desarrollan desde los distintos niveles de administración pública, especialmente en el sistema de servicios sociales. Los resultados de la investigación constatan que las políticas sociales de protección y apoyo a las familias son escasas, insuficientes en cobertura y cuantía, fragmentadas y desiguales en los territorios. Es necesario incrementar la extensión de cobertura y la calidad de servicios y prestaciones sociales para mejorar la calidad y condiciones de vida de las familias, especialmente en tiempos de pandemia.

Before the political cartoonist, there was the Vidusaka

Political cartooning was one among the many cultural products that colonial rule introduced in India. This British legacy has been used to produce narratives about the nature and history of Indian cartooning. However, these narratives have, invariably, overlooked the distinctly Indian cultural ethos as well as the Indian satirical tradition. The paper proposes an alternative model by positing that in the Indian satirical tradition, the Vidusaka – the comic figure in Sanskrit drama - has been an antecedent to the political cartoonist in terms of the social and political role as well as the nature and purpose of the humour. The paper also locates the principles of caricaturing in precolonial Indian visual arts, and presents the early vernacular cartoons as the point of convergence between the local satirical tradition and the western format of the political cartoon which laid the foundation for a modern yet specifically Indian sensibility

The Roving Other: Shepherds, Ungovernable Spaces, and Imperial Authority in First-Millennium Mesopotamia

Much of the literature on pastoralists and empire concerns mobile tribes and often focuses on imperial schemes of resettlement, or tribal thwarting of state initiatives. This submission argues that in mid-first-millennium BCE Babylonia, large bureaucratic temples stood between the imperial state and Babylonia’s mobile class of shepherds. This article then explores this dynamic further, focusing on the use of administrative information as a point of imperial contestation, examining issues of local control and clashing hierarchies as the shepherds served an imperial obligation in the Mesopotamian hinterland, and finally argues that the pastoral dynamic presented here is of a piece with the larger political role of the temple in Babylonian life—both urban, familiar, and central and at the same time distant, other-like, and enigmatic.

Contemporary Polish Community Media and Democracy

The purpose of the study is to show the general situation of Catholic periodicals under the current democratic system. The author provides an analytical definition of the journals, followed by a dedicated typology. The discussed periodicals, which represent the class of community media, have all played an important religious, cultural and political role at some point in history. The selection of this particular research topic is justified by the shortage of in-depth studies on this important media segment. The interdisciplinary study takes the form of a compilatory review, illustrating obvious correlations between media and politics through the example of Catholic periodicals. The article uses the following methods: literary and critical analysis, as well as media and press content analysis.

Presidential pardons anticipate South Korea's election

Significance A former prime minister was also pardoned, while an ex-lawmaker convicted of plotting a pro-Pyongyang rebellion was paroled. Impacts Prudence and ill-health are likely to prevent Park from playing any direct political role in future. In Seoul's vengeful politics, pardoning Park is also a bid by Moon to protect himself from potential persecution when he steps down. Conservative presidential candidate Yoon Seok-youl has lost his former lead, but voter opinion is volatile; there is still time to recover.

An Analysis of Joči’s Debated Paternity and His Role in the Altan Uruġ Royal Lineage of Činggis Khan

Research objectives: This article discusses Joči’s military-political role and status in the Mongol Empire (Yeke Mongol Ulus), beginning in the early thirteenth century and within the intra-dynastic relations of Činggis Khan’s chief sons. In particular, the article seeks to answer questions about Joči’s birth. Discrepancies between the Secret History of the Mongols and other written sources cast doubt on whether Joči was even a legitimate son of Činggis Khan, let alone his eldest one. In addition, this article includes an analysis of Joči’s place within the family and the traditional legal system of the medieval Mongols based on the principles of majorat succession outlined in the Mongol Empire. It establishes evidence of his legitimacy within the Činggisid dynasty’s imperial lineage (altan uruġ) – a point of view supported by his military-political career, his pivotal role in the western campaigns, his leadership at the siege of Khwārazm, and the process of division of the ulus of Činggis Khan. Research materials: This article makes use of Russian, English, and Turkic (Kazakh, Tatar, etc.) translations of key primary sources including the Secret History of the Mongols and works of authors from the thirteenth to seventeenth centuries, including Al-Nasawī, Shіhāb al-Dīn al-Nuwayrī, ‘Alā’ al-Dīn ’Aṭā-Malik Juvāynī, Minhāj al-Dīn Jūzjānī, Zhao Hong, Peng Daya, John of Plano Carpini, William of Rubruck, Jamāl al-Qarshī, Rashīd al-Dīn, Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Uluġbeg, Ötämiš Hājī, Lubsan Danzan, Abu’l-Ghāzī, and Saγang Sečen. New secondary works regarding Joči published by modern Kazakh, Russian, Tatar, American, French, Chinese, Korean and other scholars were also consulted. Results and novelty of the research: Taking into consideration certain economic and legal traits of the medieval Mongols, their traditional practices, military-political events, and longterm developments in the Mongol Empire’s history, descriptions of Joči being no more than a “Merkit bastard” are clearly not consistent. The persisting claims can be traced to doubts about Joči’s birth included in the Secret History of the Mongols, the first extensive written record of the medieval Mongols which had a great impact on the work of later historians, including modern scholars. Some researchers suspect this allegation may have been an indirect result of Möngke Khan inserting it into the Secret History. This article argues that the main motivation was Batu’s high military-political position and prestige in the Yeke Mongol Ulus. After Ögödei Khan’s death, sons and grandsons of Ögödei and Ča’adai made various attempts to erode Batu’s significant position in the altan uruġ by raising questions regarding his genealogical origin. This explains why doubts about Joči’s status in the imperial lineage appeared so widely following his death in an intra-dynastic propaganda struggle waged between the houses of Joči and Тolui and the opposing houses of Ča’adai and Ögödei’s sons. This conflict over the narrative was engendered by the struggle for supreme power in the Mongol Empire and the distribution of conquered lands and property.

Diálogos sobre práxis reflexiva docente e a adoção do ensino remoto no PROEJA

O artigo problematiza a adoção do ensino remoto nos cursos técnicos integrados do Proeja no Ifes em tempos pandêmicos, e suas consequências, como possibilidade de mais uma interrupção da trajetória escolar dos estudantes da EJA. No contexto de naturalização de práticas educativas instrumentais e pragmáticas, alicerçadas nas diretrizes da educação a distância e que desconsideram as especificidades e as condições objetivas de sobrevivência desses educandos, recorremos aos pressupostos da epistemologia da práxis, estabelecendo nexos possíveis entre os estudos sócio-histórico-culturais de Vygotsky e o pensamento de Paulo Freire, na defesa da educação como prática da liberdade. As inferências da pesquisa documental e da sistematização da experiência permearam as análises em curso e permitiram apresentar um panorama, ainda que parcial, dos resultados da implementação do ensino remoto no Proeja como ameaça à formação humana integral, ressaltando a importância do papel ético-político dos educadores, na condição de mediadores dos processos de produção do conhecimento.Palavras-chave: Práxis; Formação humana; Ensino remoto.Dialogues on reflective teaching praxis and the adoption of remote teaching at PROEJAABSTRACTThe article problematizes the adoption of remote teaching by the technical courses of Proeja at Ifes during the coronavirus pandemic and its consequences, as another possible interruption in the school trajectory of EJA´s students. In time of naturalization of instrumental and pragmatic educational practices, guided by distance education principles that disregard the specificities and objective conditions of survival of EJAs students, we resorted to the assumptions of the epistemology of reflective praxis, establishing possible links between socio-historical studies and cultural aspects of Vygotsky and the thoughts of Paulo Freire, in the defense of education as a practice of freedom. The inferences from the documental research and the systematization of the experience permeated the ongoing analyzes and allowed to present an overview, albeit partial, of the results of the implementation of remote education at Proeja as a threat to integral human education, highlighting the importance of the ethical-political role of educators, as mediators of knowledge production processes.Keywords: Praxis; Human formation; Remote teaching.Diálogos sobre la praxis pedagógica reflexiva y la adopción de la ensenanza a distancia en PROEJARESUMENEl artículo problematiza la adopción del aprendizaje a distancia en los cursos técnicos integrados de Proeja en Ifes en tiempos de pandemia y sus consecuencias, como una posibilidad de otra interrupción en la trayectoria educativa de los estudiantes de EJA. En el contexto de naturalización de prácticas educativas instrumentales y pragmáticas, basadas en pautas de educación a distancia y que desconocen las especificidades y condiciones objetivas de supervivencia de estos estudiantes, se recurrió a los presupuestos de la epistemología de la praxis, estableciendo posibles vínculos entre los estudios socio-históricos-culturales de Vygotsky y el pensamiento de Paulo Freire, en defensa de la educación como práctica de la libertad. Las inferencias de la investigación documental y la sistematización de la experiencia permearon los análisis en curso y permitieron presentar un panorama, aunque parcial, de los resultados de la implementación de la educación a distancia en Proeja como amenaza a la educación humana integral, destacando la importancia del rol ético-político de los educadores, como mediadores de los procesos de producción de conocimiento. Palabras clave: Práxis; Formación humana; Enseñanza remota.

URDU-23 Historical and Political Role of Sakhani Tribe in the Politics of D.G.Khan

This research is basically an analytical study of a Baloch tribe Sakhani which had played an important role in the history. Although this tribe is mostly inhabited in Punjab but also found in other provinces of Pakistan in the past and even now in KPK and Sindh to Balochistan. Sakhani tribe is considered a powerful tribe of the past and their history is also recognized against the rebellion of Sewstan during the time of Aurangzeb Alamgir. The bravery of the Sikh nation in history is undeniable. Whether it is the battle of Sewstan or the war against the Sikhs. Whether it is a clash from Nawab Bahawalpur or reaching Nawab Muzaffar Khan with bare swords during the siege of Multan is his national service. Ssimilarly, a huge vote bank of Sikhs in Dera Ghazi Khan is their political power which they have been using locally for the last two or three decades to win district council seats or several union council chairs. His vote bank is very important in the National and Provincial Assembly elections in Dera Ghazi Khan. The paper highlights the role of Sakhani tribe in the politics of Dera Ghazi Khan.