Removal and Displacement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie Y. Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Farm Security Administration ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Intimate Knowledge

This chapter examines how Japanese Americans’ involvement in natural resource industries (farming and fisheries) shaped the campaign for their removal from the Pacific Coast in the wake of Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor. Their intimate knowledge of these lands and waters grounded arguments to both expel and keep them. This chapter also explores Farm Security Administration (FSA) efforts to keep Japanese American land in production. Fearing a decline in crop output at a time when certain foodstuffs were in high demand, FSA officials sought substitute operators to cultivate farms in Japanese Americans’ absence. These negotiations often led to significant economic losses for detainees.

Dispersal, Resettlement, Return

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie Y. Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental History ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Housing Shortages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Process ◽  
Growing Conditions

It would be easy to conclude with the end of the war, the closing of the camps, and the departure of the last detainees. However, the environmental history of the incarceration extended into the postwar years. This chapter explores the postwar experiences of Japanese American farmers as they left the camps toward the end of the war. Some started anew in the inland West and cultivated land there, while other tried to pick up their lives back on the Pacific Coast. In both cases, they encountered numerous environmental challenges, from unfamiliar growing conditions to neglected, overgrown land. They also confronted hostile or suspicious neighbors and land and housing shortages. Postwar resettlement was yet another environmental process to which Japanese Americans had to adapt.

War stimulus: The Japanese threat and rebirth of the North America Pacific Coast shipbuilding industry, 1937-1946

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-411
Author(s):  
Chris Madsen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Strategic Procurement

Henry Eccles, in classic studies on logistics, describes the dynamics of strategic procurement in the supply chain stretching from home countries to military theatres of operations. Naval authorities and industrialists concerned with Japanese aggression before and after Pearl Harbor looked towards developing shipbuilding capacity on North America’s Pacific Coast. The region turned into a volume producer of merchant vessels, warships and auxiliaries destined for service in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Shipbuilding involved four broad categories of companies in the United States and Canada that enabled the tremendous production effort.

Psychology, Context, and the Risk of Genocide

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
George R. Mastroianni
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Psychological Conditions ◽  
Predisposing Conditions

Chapter 11 compares the attitudes of some Americans toward Japanese and Japanese Americans in the aftermath of the attack on Pearl Harbor with German attitudes toward Jews. Theories of genocide generally posit predisposing psychological conditions and then examine instances of genocide to confirm whether or not those predisposing conditions were present. The case of the Japanese American confinements offers an opportunity to examine a case in which at least some of the suspected predisposing conditions were present but genocide did not follow. This suggests that there were significant differences between America and Germany in the intensity and penetration of anti-Japanese and anti-Semitic attitudes, respectively, and also that important legal and political safeguards against minority mistreatment that were compromised in Germany remained at least partially intact in the United States.

“The Injustice of Internment”

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Civil Liberties ◽  
Pearl Harbor ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Fair Play ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
War Relocation Authority ◽  
American Civil Liberties Union

Following Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, liberal Protestants leveraged their influence among officials in the War Relocation Authority to launch their most powerful attack to date on anti-Japanese racial discrimination. Through the Committee on National Security and Fair Play, they challenged the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066 and strategized methods to ensure the quick release of Japanese Americans held without trial. With the help of allies such as the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the American Council on Race Relations, and the Council on Civic Unity, liberal Protestants developed plans to ensure the long-term protection of Japanese American civil liberties in the decades following the war.

“The Pacific Era Has Arrived”: Transnational Education among Japanese Americans, 1932–1941

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiichiro Azuma
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
American Woman ◽  
The United States ◽  
Japanese Woman ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Study Program ◽  
Native Land ◽  
The Pacific

Looking back on the two years at Keisen Girls' School, I am so grateful for the opportunity to have been able to study here…. Our teachers have taught us that it was mistaken if we simply aspired to mimic the ways of Japanese woman. Cognizant of our special position as Americans of Japanese ancestry, we must instead strive to promote the U.S.-Japan friendship. Furthermore, we must adapt the merits of the Japanese spirit [that we have acquired here] to our Americanism. Back in the United States, we will dedicate ourselves to the good of our own society as best possible citizens, cooperating with Americans of other races and learning from each other…. Such is the mission of the Nisei as a bridge between Japan and the United States—one that we have come to appreciate [through our schooling in Japan].Just about two years before Pearl Harbor, a young Japanese American woman took this pledge to herself when she completed a special study program in Tokyo, Japan. Although the shadow of war loomed increasingly over the Pacific, thousands of American-born Japanese (Nisei) youth like her flocked to their parents' native land during the 1930s to pursue cultural and language learning, as well as formal secondary and higher education. In any given year following 1932, an estimated 1,500 young Nisei students from North America resided in Tokyo and other urban areas of Japan. Often referred to as Kibei after returning to their native land, these young women and men attempted to embrace their ethnic heritage and identity during their sojourn in Japan with the support of Japanese educators.

Epilogue

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie Y. Chiang
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Japanese Americans ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
The Public ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Park Service ◽  
Incarceration Camps

The epilogue explores how the natural world has become a critical element of Japanese Americans’ wartime memories and the public commemoration of the incarceration. It examines pilgrimages to the former camps, National Park Service programs for the preservation of the confinement sites, and private efforts to restore gardens. These diverse acts of remembrance are linked to both the environments of the Pacific Coast and the former incarceration camps. The epilogue also examines a campaign to protect the Manzanar viewshed from solar development. There, the remains of the built environment—barracks, guard towers, barbed wire—coupled with the surrounding terrain and views were critical to efforts to encourage visitors to imagine what confinement must have looked and felt like.

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