Crusoe's Books

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Bell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
British Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
Robinson Crusoe ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

This book examines the role of books and reading in relation to five itinerant constituencies in the long nineteenth century. It provides a critique of influential approaches to the history of reading within the context of the British empire. Beginning with the figure of the ‘hermeneutic castaway’ in Robinson Crusoe, it moves on to explore this and other phenomena as they were manifest among shipboard emigrants, Australian convicts, Scottish settlers in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, among polar explorers, and in the trenches of the First World War. In each instance, it explores the tensions between official prescriptive reading cultures and the everyday responses of ordinary readers themselves. Far from demonstrating the confidence and coherence of a British imperial project during this period, the evidence provided by a myriad reading experiences suggests an underlying disruption and tension in the way that reading subjects saw themselves and their political masters throughout the empire. Using archival, official, and other printed sources, the book sets out to show the diversity of readerly response in this period and what it can tell us about the complexity of the mentalities of ordinary subjects in an age of empire.

scholarly journals The Local versus the Global in the history of relativity: The case of Belgium

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-250
Author(s):  
Sjang L. ten Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
First World War ◽  
Global History ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Pattern ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

ArgumentThis article contributes to a global history of relativity, by exploring how Einstein’s theory was appropriated in Belgium. This may sound like a contradiction in terms, yet the early-twentieth-century Belgian context, because of its cultural diversity and reflectiveness of global conditions (the principal example being the First World War), proves well-suited to expose transnational flows and patterns in the global history of relativity. The attempts of Belgian physicist Théophile de Donder to contribute to relativity physics during the 1910s and 1920s illustrate the role of the war in shaping the transnational networks through which relativity circulated. The local attitudes of conservative Belgian Catholic scientists and philosophers, who denied that relativity was philosophically significant, exemplify a global pattern: while critics of relativity feared to become marginalized by the scientific, political, and cultural revolutions that Einstein and his theory were taken to represent, supporters sympathized with these revolutions.

scholarly journals Specifics of the International Political Position of the Commonwealth of Australia in the first half of the ХХ-th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 133-149
Author(s):  
I. Vietrynskyi
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The paper focuses on the initial stage of the formation of the Commonwealth of Australia, and the process of its establishing as an independent State. The international political context for the development of the country, from the period of creation of the Federation to the beginning of the Second World War, is primarily viewed. The Commonwealth’s international position, its place and role in the regional and global geopolitical processes of the early XX century, in particular in the context of its relations with Great Britain, are analyzed. The features of the transformation of British colonial policies on the eve of the First World War are examined. The specifics of the UK system of relations with Australia, as well as other dominions, are being examined. The features of status of the dominions in the British Empire system are shown. The role of the dominions and, in particular, the Commonwealth of Australia in the preparatory process for the First World War, as well as the peculiarities of its participation in hostilities, is analyzed. The significance of the actions of the First World War on the domestic political situation in Australia, as well as its impact on dominions relations with the British Empire, is revealed. The history of the foundation of the Australian-New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) and its participation in imperial forces on the frontline of the First World War is analyzed. The success and failure of its fighters, as well as the role of ANZAC, in the process of formation an Australian political nation are analyzed. The economic, humanitarian and international political consequences of the First World War for the Commonwealth of Australia are examined, as well as the influence of these consequences on the structure of relations between the dominions and the British Empire. The socio-economic situation of the Commonwealth of Australia on the eve of World War II, in particular the impact of the Great depression on the development of the country as a whole and its internal political situation in particular, is analyzed. The ideological, military-strategic and international political prerequisites for Australia’s entry into the Second World War are being considered.

scholarly journals Nationalism, the First World War, and sites of international memory

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenda Sluga
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World ◽  
Role Of Men

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to restore the history of internationalism to our understanding of the legacy of the First World War, and the role of universities in that past. It begins by emphasising the war’s twin legacy, namely, the twin principles of the peace: national self-determination and the League of Nations. Design/methodology/approach It focuses on the intersecting significance and meaning attributed to the related terms patriotism and humanity, nationalism and internationalism, during the war and after. A key focus is the memorialization of Edith Cavell, and the role of men and women in supporting a League of Nations. Findings The author finds that contrary to conventional historical opinion, internationalism was as significant as nationalism during the war and after, thanks to the influence and ideas of men and women connected through university networks. Research limitations/implications The author’s argument is based on an examination of British imperial sources in particular. Originality/value The implications of this argument are that historians need to recover the international past in histories of nationalism.

scholarly journals Spanish Flu and the End of World War I in Southern Iranfrom 1917–1920

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83
Author(s):  
Seyyed Alireza Golshani ◽  
Mohammad Ebrahim Zohalinezhad ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Taghrir ◽  
Sedigheh Ghasempoor ◽  
Alireza Salehi
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Southern Iran ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spanish Flu ◽  
First World

The Spanish Flu was one of the disasters in the history of Iran, especially Southern Iran, which led to the death of a significant number of people in Iran. It started on October 29, 1917, and lasted till 1920 – a disaster that we can claim changed the history. In one of the First World War battlefields in southern Iran in 1918, there was nothing left until the end of World War I and when the battle between Iranian warriors (especially people of Dashtestan and Tangestan in Bushehr, Arabs, and people of Bakhtiari in Khuzestan and people of Kazerun and Qashqai in Fars) and British forces had reached its peak. As each second encouraged the triumph for the Iranians, a flu outbreak among Iranian warriors led to many deaths and, as a result, military withdrawal. The flu outbreak in Kazerun, Firoozabad, Farshband, Abadeh, and even in Shiraz changed the end of the war. In this article, we attempt to discuss the role of the Spanish flu outbreak at the end of one of the forefronts of World War I.

scholarly journals THE FIRST WORLD WAR IN THE FATES OF RUSSIAN PSYCHOLOGISTS: THE TRAGEDY AND DUTY

2021 ◽  
pp. 192-218
Author(s):  
Н.Ю. Стоюхина ◽  
А.А. Костригин
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Professional Community ◽  
First World War ◽  
Scientific Activity ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

Статья посвящена недостаточно изученному вопросу в истории российской психологии - деятельности отечественных психологов в годы Первой мировой войны. Авторы обобщили найденные на данный момент сведения о нахождении и роли разных психологов как в военных событиях, так и в научной и общественной жизни того времени. Представляются три группы персоналий в зависимости от того, в каком положении по отношению к военным действиям они оказались: участие в действующей армии; пребывание в Германии во время войны в качестве пленного гражданского лица; жизнь и научная деятельность в тылу. Среди психологов, которые служили в армии во время Первой мировой войны, рассматриваются биографические данные и воспоминания П.Н. Шефтеля, Г.Я. Трошина, В.Ф, Чижа, А.Б. Залкинда, И.А. Арямова, Л.Н. Войтоловского, А.А. Смирнова, Б.М. Теплова, М.Я. Басова, Л.А. Бызова, М.В. Шика. К группе психологов, которые оказались в Германии во время войны, относятся А.О. Маковельский, А.Ф. Лосев, И.Н. Шпильрейн, Н.Е. Румянцев. Описываются результаты научных событий, состоявшихся в России в годы Первой мировой войны, - Третий и Четвертый Всероссийские съезды по экспериментальной педагогике, исследовательские работы в Психологическом институте им. Л.Г. Щукиной, коллективные публикации. Отмечается, что обращение к деятельности психологов во время Первой мировой войны является важным с позиций не только истории психологии, но и исторической психологии: кроме изучения жизненного пути персоналий и анализа результатов научных исследований этого периода представляет интерес и описание образа и роли ученого в военное время, особенностей научной активности в военных условиях. Авторы статьи призывают профессиональное сообщество дополнить список персоналий, которые принимали участие в Первой мировой войне и на которых война оказала значимое влияние, и другими именами. The article is devoted to an insufficiently studied issue in the history of Russian psychology - the activities of Russian psychologists during the First World War. The authors summarized the information found to date about the location and role of various psychologists both in military events and in the scientific and social life of that time. Three groups of personalities are presented, depending on the position in which they found themselves in relation to military operations: participation in the active army; stay in Germany during the war as a captured civilian; life and scientific activities in the rear. Among psychologists who served in the army during the First World War, the authors describe the biographical data and memories of P.N. Sheftel, G. Ya. Troshin, V.F. Chizh, A.B. Zalkind, I.A. Aryamov, L.N. Voitolovsky, A.A. Smirnov, B.M. Teplov, M.Ya. Basov, L.A. Byzov, M.V. Shik. The group of psychologists who remained in Germany includes A.O. Makovelsky, A.F. Losev, I.N. Spielrein, N.E. Rumyantsev. The article describes the results of scientific events in Russia that took place during the First World War - the Third and Fourth All-Russian congresses on experimental pedagogy, research work at the Psychological institute named after L.G. Shchukina, collective publications. It is noted that the appeal to the activities of psychologists during the First World War is important from the standpoint of both history of psychology and historical psychology: in addition to studying the life path of personalities and analyzing the results of scientific research of this period, it is also of interest to describe the image and role of a scientist in wartime, features of scientific activity in war conditions. The authors of the article urge the professional community to add other names to the list of personalities who took part in the First World War and on whom the war had a significant impact.

Historical and Global Perspectives

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-49
Author(s):  
Stefan Manz ◽  
Panikos Panayi
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World

This chapter places the incarceration of Germans in the British Empire during the First World War into global and historical context. It looks back to the birth of the practice of internment in imperial wars involving Britain, the USA, and Germany in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. It traces the path to the use of British incarceration during the First World War and demonstrates how this conflict acted as a key turning point in the history of civilian confinement, making it normal wartime practice. Civilian incarceration continued in the post-war period, especially in the fall-out from the Second World War and the collapsing colonial empires, while by the twenty-first century camps have become a weapon against refugees. The chapter demonstrates how the British Empire globalized and normalized civilian incarceration during the Great War and therefore argues that it played a key role in the normalization of this process.

Frenemy Aliens. The National and Transnational Considerations of Independent Contingents in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, 1914-1918

Itinerario ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-138
Author(s):  
Steve Marti
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
First World War ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
South Slavs ◽  
War Effort ◽  
First World

The Allied expedition to Salonika was a controversial campaign of the First World War that diverted French and British resources away from the Western Front. To sustain this expedition without depleting existing forces, the Colonial Office approached the High Commissioners of Australia, Canada, and New Zealand and requested that each dominion consider raising a Serbian military contingent for service in Salonika. In the decades preceding the outbreak of war, South Slavs had settled in each of the dominions and the War Office hoped to exploit nationalist aspirations for a pan-Slavic state and mobilise South Slavs in the dominions. In raising these contingents, dominion governments weighed between fulfilling a demand of the Imperial war effort and jeopardising domestic stability by empowering a culturally-distinct minority that was the object of public paranoia. This article will examine how the legal status of South Slavs changed in the three dominions as a result of these recruiting efforts along with the conditions under which South Slavs were able to volunteer for service in Salonika. A comparative approach reveals how Southern Slavs were defined and how they defined themselves as they navigated the categories of enemy aliens, friendly allies, and subjects of the British Empire.

scholarly journals Arutjun Marutjan, Как помнят Великую Отечественную в Армении: некоторые наблюдения / How the Great Patriotic War Is Remembered in Armenia: Some Observations

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-105
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

The article discusses a neglected aspect in the history of the Second World War and the role of Armenians and their motivation to fight against the Nazi Germany. The author suggests that the memory of the Genocide against the Armenians perpetratrated by Turkey in the First World War with connivence from Germany played an important role in the memory of Soviet Armenians enrolled in the Red Army. This is one of the explanations why the present day Republic of Armenia still maintains – from different reasons – the name The Great Patriotic War instead of Second World War, like Russia.

scholarly journals Niko Županić and the Construction of the Yugoslav Ethnogenesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Monika Milosavljević
Keyword(s):  
Political Activism ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
First World

The paper considers the role of Niko Županić in the processes of translation of the anthropological and archaeological knowledges into the language of the political activism during the First World War and immediately after. As recorded by Sima Trojanović, Županić was employed at the Ethnographic Museum in Belgrade in May 1914, as "anthropological clerk" with the duty to "first of all measure the Serbian people, and only after that the foreigners on the Balkan Peninsula". He was officially stationed here up to 1922, although he spent the war years out of the country, involved in political activism, along with other Serbian and Yugoslav intellectuals, with the aim of creating the state of the Yugoslavs. At the outbreak of the First World War, Županić spent the first three months as a volunteer in Niš, and was then sent to Rome and London, where he took part in the activities of the Yugoslav Board. During 1916 the Serbian Government sent him to the United States, to secure the support of the American Slovenes for the Yugoslav idea. From 1915 till the end of the war, he wrote studies on the South Slavic past and political announcements, drew the borders of the desired territories, held speeches on the unity of the Serbs, Slovenes, and Croats. His book Ethnogenesis of the Yugoslavs (1920), written during the war and at first aimed at the English-speaking audience, richly illustrates the ways in which all these activities intertwined. Here Županić stresses the "creative potency of the blood and racial source" of brachycefaly of the Illyrian natives observed in the case of the Yugoslavs. The critical analysis and contextualization of this volume makes possible the new insights into the concepts of identity in the history of the Serbian anthropology and archaeology. This study did not receive much attention in the archaeological circles, but its ideas have subsequently, selectively and indirectly become the part of the history of the Serbian archaeology.

“Wir wollen hoffen, dass es nicht so lange dauert…”

Ladinia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 49-94
Author(s):  
Reinhard Rampold
Keyword(s):  
Academic Research ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Physical Problems ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
History Of ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First World

While the major events of the First World War were scientifically examined early on, the “everyday stories” associated with the war received little attention for decades. It is only in recent years that this aspect has been recognised as an inte-gral part of history and has also been the subject of academic research in Tyrol and Trentino. Luckily, an extensive collection of field postcards and field letters from Felix, Candidus and Albin Crepaz has been preserved. They were deployed as soldiers on Col di Lana and the Siefsattel in the immediate vicinity of their hometown Lasta, and experienced the impact of the war on their homeland and their relatives at first hand. The preserved documents – even though the letters of reply are missing – give a deep insight into the psychological and physical problems of an ordinary soldier, as well as the concern for his relatives and neighbours, and are thus an important evidence of the everyday history of Tyrol during the First World War.

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