Datatypes

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Schenck ◽  
Peter Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Named Entities ◽  
Generic Type ◽  
Formal Parameter ◽  
Actual Parameter ◽  
Type Parameter ◽  
Local Variable ◽  
The Way

This chapter explains the EXPRESS pseudotypes and datatypes. You will also want to read about defined types and entity types, both of which are covered in Chapter 11. Datatypes represent domains of values. A domain is the set of possible values associated with an attribute, local variable or formal parameter. Datatype values can be operated upon as explained in Chapter 14. EXPRESS is fussy about the way datatypes are used. The datatypes are grouped this way: • Pseudo (Generic and Aggregate — see 10.1) • Simple (Integer, String, etc. — see 10.2) • Collection (Array, List, etc. — see 10.3) • Enumeration and Select (see 10.4 and 10.5). • Named (entities and defined types — Chapter 11) Then, the context in which a reference to a datatype is made will be • as the type of an attribute, • as the type of a local variable, • as the type of a formal parameter, or • as the underlying type of a defined type. At last, a summary of the datatypes that can be used in the different contexts is given in Table 10.1. Notice that pseudotypes can only be used as formal parameter types and, the enumeration and select types can only be used as the underlying types of defined types. Pseudotypes are used only as the types of the formal parameters of functions and procedures. They can be regarded as templates into which various specific types can be placed. See 11.5.1 for more about formal parameters. The domain of a generic pseudotype is every conceivable value. When a procedure or function that has a generic type parameter is invoked it will accept any kind of actual parameter. No questions asked! Functions or procedures that use formal parameters typed as generic must be prepared to deal with whatever actual stuff is tossed its way and any operations performed on them will depend on the specific type of the actual parameter. Generic parameters should never be used when a more specific type can be used instead. In any event, the mechanics involved in writing an algorithm that is capable of handling every possible input value are tricky. The message is: Don’t use generic parameters unless you simply have to.

Chapter 11: Lucy’s Story. Girly? Atashi?

10.47908/6/11 ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 114-124
Author(s):  
Lucy Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Gendered Language ◽  
Femininity And Masculinity ◽  
The Way

In Chapter 11, Lucy talks about becoming aware of gendered language and noticing the way Japanese is used in stories to give characters varying degrees of femininity and masculinity. Kristen, as a Guest Sensei, makes many observations on the gendered use of language in Japanese and gives straightforward advice to learners on how to approach choosing language that suits them.

scholarly journals Diagrammatic logic applied to a parameterisation process

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
CÉSAR DOMÍNGUEZ ◽  
DOMINIQUE DUVAL
Keyword(s):  
Category Theory ◽  
Formal Parameter ◽  
Actual Parameter ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Given ◽  
Parameter Passing

This paper provides an abstract definition of a class of logics, called diagrammatic logics, together with a definition of morphisms and 2-morphisms between them. The definition of the 2-category of diagrammatic logics relies on category theory, mainly on adjunction, categories of fractions and limit sketches. This framework is applied to the formalisation of a parameterisation process. This process, which consists of adding a formal parameter to some operations in a given specification, is presented as a morphism of logics. Then the parameter passing process for recovering a model of the given specification from a model of the parameterised specification and an actual parameter is shown to be a 2-morphism of logics.

scholarly journals Data Types as Functions

1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (89) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian H. Mayoh
Keyword(s):  
Data Type ◽  
Extended Version ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Formal Parameter ◽  
Actual Parameter ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Simple Definition

This paper introduces a new, simple definition of what a data type is. This definition gives one possible solution of the theoretical problems: when can an actual parameter of type T be substituted for a formal parameter of type T'? When can a type T' be implemented as another type T''? The preprint is an extended version of a paper presented at MFCS 78, Zakopane.

Ethics, Science, and Poetry

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-144
Author(s):  
Robert Stern
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Scientific Thinking ◽  
Normative Authority ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Ethical Demand ◽  
The Way

This chapter covers Chapters 10 and 11 of The Ethical Demand, which focus on how Løgstrup sees the demand in relation to science on the one hand, and poetry on the other. In relation to science, Løgstrup argues for a form of philosophy that might be seen to challenge the ‘anti-metaphysical’ assumptions of scientific thinking, particularly in the way his account attributes a kind of normative authority to the demand as standing in judgement over our actions. Løgstrup also considers how far certain kinds of scientific determinism might pose a challenge to ethics, arguing that this challenge can be resisted. In Chapter 11, Løgstrup asks whether poetry can have implications for ethics, suggesting poetry can break through the triviality in which our lives are often lived, thus making us properly attentive to the world that surrounds us, including other people.

Chapter 11. Exploiting Runtime Variation in Complete Solvers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla P. Gomes ◽  
Ashish Sabharwal
Keyword(s):  
Formal Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Sat Solvers ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Heavy Tailed ◽  
Runtime Distributions ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

It has become well know over time that the performance of backtrack-style complete SAT solvers can vary dramatically depending on “little” details of the heuristics used, such as the way one selects the next variable to branch on and in what order the possible values are assigned to the variable. Extreme variations can result even from simple tie breaking mechanisms necessarily employed in all SAT solvers. The discovery of this extreme runtime variation has been both a stumbling block and an opportunity. This chapter focuses on providing an understanding of this intriguing phenomenon, particularly in terms of the so-called heavy tailed nature of the runtime distributions of systematic SAT solvers. It describes a simple formal model based on expensive mistakes to explain runtime distributions seen in practice, and discusses randomization and restart strategies that can be used to effectively overcome the negative impact of heavy tailed behavior. Finally, the chapter discusses the notion of backdoor variables, which explain the unexpectedly short runs one also often sees in practice.

Empathy Revisited: Who’s in Narrative Control?

2019 ◽  
pp. 207-228
Author(s):  
Jeanne Gaakeer
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Legal Practice ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
First Order ◽  
Narrative Control ◽  
The Way

Part III deals with what Cardozo called “the perplexities of judges” that become “the scholar’s opportunity”. Chapter 11 revisits the topic of empathy by distinguishing between forms of empathy and the way in which they are triggered, in works of fiction as much as in our daily lives. It argues that all forms of empathy are connected to emotion(s), first-order emotion such as anger of grief, and second-order emotion as the reaction to another person’s first-order emotion. It then asks what the cognitive turn in narratology means for legal practice, i.e. who is in narrative control of the situation, in court or in other legal surroundings? The judge, the prosecutor or a party? The story of Ian McEwan’s fictional judge Fiona Maye in The Children Act exemplifies the pitfalls of a first-order empathy, triggered as it may be by parties in a case by means of deliberate narratological strategies aimed at influencing the judicial decision.

Perfume between Art and Design

Art Scents ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 229-242
Author(s):  
Larry Shiner
Keyword(s):  
Fine Art ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
The Status ◽  
Art Photography ◽  
The Way ◽  
Art Quilts

Chapter 12 explores two main ways out of the impasse reached in Chapter 11. The first way would adopt one of the current composite or disjunctive definitions of (fine) art; the second way would abandon the quest for defining (fine) art and consider instead what it would take to promote some perfumery practices to the status of art perfumes, parallel to the way some kinds of photography or quilt making have become art photography or art quilts. Since this solution to the impasse would mean that only certain types of perfumes could be considered art perfumes, leaving most standard perfumes part of design, a postlude to Part III, “Free Art versus Design Art,” answers the concern of perfume admirers that this would demote the finest perfumes for wear to “minor art” status.

The Approach in the Book and Implications for Reform

2020 ◽  
pp. 251-278
Author(s):  
Sarah Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Frameworks ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
The Us ◽  
Current Reform ◽  
The Way ◽  
Reform Debate

First, Chapter 10 applies the approach developed in the book to the current reform debate in the US and England. It suggests that the US reform debate has persisted in measuring the extent to which new adaptations of Chapter 11 have moved it from the way in which it was originally conceived, rather than creating new conceptual frameworks for analysing new adaptations and the case for reform. The chapter shows how this can lead to policy missteps, and the reasons for using the approach developed in the book instead. Secondly, Chapter 10 explores the ways in which the US has sought to export the original policy goals of Chapter 11, and the effect which this has had on the way in which the English reform debate is framed. Once again, it shows how a bottom-up approach, rooted in the arguments in the book, provides a more effective frame for debating the case for reform.

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