Measuring the World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann-Sophie Barwich
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Model System ◽  
Stimulus Input ◽  
Expectancy Effects ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Perceptual Object ◽  
External Objects ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.

scholarly journals Strategic Cognitive Sequencing: A Computational Cognitive Neuroscience Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth A. Herd ◽  
Kai A. Krueger ◽  
Trenton E. Kriete ◽  
Tsung-Ren Huang ◽  
Thomas E. Hazy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Error Learning ◽  
Cognitive Actions ◽  
Self Instruction ◽  
The Brain

We address strategic cognitive sequencing, the “outer loop” of human cognition: how the brain decides what cognitive process to apply at a given moment to solve complex, multistep cognitive tasks. We argue that this topic has been neglected relative to its importance for systematic reasons but that recent work on how individual brain systems accomplish their computations has set the stage for productively addressing how brain regions coordinate over time to accomplish our most impressive thinking. We present four preliminary neural network models. The first addresses how the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and basal ganglia (BG) cooperate to perform trial-and-error learning of short sequences; the next, how several areas of PFC learn to make predictions of likely reward, and how this contributes to the BG making decisions at the level of strategies. The third models address how PFC, BG, parietal cortex, and hippocampus can work together to memorize sequences of cognitive actions from instruction (or “self-instruction”). The last shows how a constraint satisfaction process can find useful plans. The PFC maintains current and goal states and associates from both of these to find a “bridging” state, an abstract plan. We discuss how these processes could work together to produce strategic cognitive sequencing and discuss future directions in this area.

Electrophysiology in Neuropsychiatric Research: A Network Perspective

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 17-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Winterer ◽  
Werner M. Herrmann ◽  
Richard Coppola
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Disease Classification ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Modeling ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Discrete Processing ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Brain Processing ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTA growing number of anatomic and physiologic studies have shown that parallel sensory and motor information processing occurs in multiple cortical areas. These findings challenge the traditional model of brain processing, which states that the brain is a collection of physically discrete processing modules that pass information to each other by neuronal impulses in a stepwise manner. New concepts based on neural network models suggest that the brain is a dynamically shifting collection of interpenetrating, distributed, and transient neural networks. Neither of these models is necessarily mutually exclusive, but each gives different perspectives on the brain that might be complementary. Each model has its own research methodology, with functional magnetic resonance imaging supporting notions of modular processing, and electrophysiology (eg, electroencephalography) emphasizing the network model. These two technologies might be combined fruitfully in the near future to provide us with a better understanding of the brain. However, this common enterprise can succeed only when the inherent limitations and advantages of both models and technologies are known. After a general introduction about electrophysiology as a research tool and its relation to the network model, several practical examples are given on the generation of pathophysiologic models and disease classification, intermediate phenotyping for genetic investigations, and pharmacodynamic modeling. Finally, proposals are made about how to integrate electrophysiology and neuroimaging methods.

scholarly journals Modeling the online social transmission through the theory of complex adaptive systems and neural network models based on the brain dynamics

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ηλίας Λυμπερόπουλος
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Complex Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Brain Dynamics ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Complex Adaptive ◽  
The Brain

Η μοντελοποίηση δυναμικών κοινωνικών διαδικασιών που λαμβάνουν χώρα στο διαδίκτυο αποτελεί ένα απαιτητικό εγχείρημα για τους παρακάτω λόγους: Πρώτον, τα πρόσωπα που αλληλεπιδρούν είναι ετερογενή και το καθένα ξεχωριστά αποτελεί ένα πολύπλοκο σύστημα. Δεύτερον, οι αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ χρηστών επηρεάζονται από θόρυβο και τυχαιότητα, ενώ παράλληλα το δίκτυο των διαπροσωπικών επικοινωνιών είναι εξαιρετικά πολύπλοκο. Τρίτον, τα κοινωνικά συστήματα δεν βρίσκονται σε κατάσταση ισορροπίας καθώς η δυναμική τους επηρεάζεται από εξωτερικές διαταραχές των οποίων η κατανομή, συσχέτιση με ένα κοινωνικό σύστημα, καθώς και η μη στασιμότητά τους, είναι δύσκολο να καθοριστούν και να συμπεριληφθούν σ’ ένα δυναμικό κοινωνικό μοντέλο. Η επιτυχής μοντελοποίηση της online κοινωνικής μετάδοσης απαιτεί μια προσέγγιση ικανή να ανταπεξέλθει στις παραπάνω προκλήσεις. Γι’ αυτό το σκοπό αναπτύσσω και εφαρμόζω ένα πλαίσιο υλοποίησης βασισμένο στην θεωρία των πολύπλοκων προσαρμοστικών συστημάτων}. Μέσω μια τέτοιας μεθοδολογίας μπορεί να μελετηθεί η δυναμική φύση των αλληλεπιδράσεων μεταξύ χρηστών καθώς και οι μακροσκοπικές ιδιότητες της δραστηριότητας τους υπό την παρουσία εξωτερικών επιρροών. Ένα εξαιρετικά σύνθετο πολύπλοκο προσαρμοστικό σύστημα είναι αυτό του ανθρώπινου εγκεφάλου. Τα κοινωνικά δίκτυα είναι ακόμα πιο πολύπλοκα καθώς ουσιαστικά αποτελούνται από διασυνδεδεμένους εγκεφάλους. Ως αποτέλεσμα η μοντελοποίηση δυναμικών διαδικασιών που λαμβάνουν χώρα στα online κοινωνικά δίκτυα αποτελεί ένα υπερβολικά περίπλοκο έργο. Για την αντιμετώπιση των προκλήσεων μιας τέτοιας προσπάθειας εξετάζω τις online κοινωνικές διεργασίες μέσα από την προοπτική της νευροεπιστήμης θεωρώντας τη δυναμική των online κοινωνικών δικτύων ανάλογη με την δυναμική δικτύων αποτελούμενων από νευρώνες ολοκλήρωσης και πυροδότησης. Μέσω αυτού του ισομορφισμού εισάγω ένα νέο μοντέλο για την online κοινωνική μετάδοση το οποίο βασίζεται σε τρεις πηγές θετικής ή αρνητικής επιρροής: Την αυτοπαραγόμενη, τη διαπροσωπική και την εξωτερική. Το προτεινόμενο μοντέλο εξηγεί την ανάπτυξη της online δραστηριότητας καθώς και τις μορφές μετάδοσής της σε συνάρτηση με το δίκτυο των αλληλεπιδράσεων, την ενδογενή και εξωγενή επιρροή καθώς και τον μηχανισμό ενεργοποίησης των χρηστών. Μέσω πειραμάτων εξομοίωσης και ελέγχων εγκυρότητας των παραγόμενων αποτελεσμάτων μετά από σύγκριση με πραγματικά δεδομένα από το κοινωνικό δίκτυο Twitter, δείχνω ότι το μοντέλο αναπαράγει με ακρίβεια πρότυπα συλλογικής δραστηριότητας προερχόμενα από την απόκριση των χρηστών σε διαφόρων μορφών ερεθίσματα. Η συγκριτική αξιολόγηση των επιδόσεων του προτεινόμενου μοντέλου σε συνάρτηση με αυτή μοντέλων αναφοράς δείχνει ότι αυτό υπερτερεί σημαντικά στην ακρίβεια αναπαραγωγής πραγματικών προτύπων online δραστηριότητας. Μια ακόμα διαδικασία online κοινωνικής μετάδοσης την οποία μοντελοποιώ με καινοτόμο τρόπο σε αυτή τη Διδακτορική Διατριβή αφορά στη μετάδοση online πληροφορίας. Τη δυναμική αυτής της διαδικασίας την αναπαράγω μέσω ενός δικτυακού δυναμικού συστήματος αποτελούμενο από νευρώνες ολοκλήρωσης και πυροδότησης με θορυβώδη εισροή πληροφορίας. Μέσω του συνδυασμού ντετερμινιστικών και στοχαστικών συνιστωσών το προτεινόμενο μοντέλο αναπαράγει με ακρίβεια τα πρότυπα μετάδοσης online πληροφορίας, υποδηλώνοντας ότι αυτά εξαρτώνται από την χρονική δομή, ισχύ, καθώς και το λόγο σήματος-θορύβου των ερεθισμάτων που επηρεάζουν τους διασυνδεδεμένους χρήστες. Ο προτεινόμενος μηχανισμός ενσωματώνει τις έννοιες της ``απλής'' και ``πολύπλοκης'' μετάδοσης και επεκτείνει τις υπάρχουσες προσεγγίσεις καθώς συμπεριλαμβάνει σε ένα ενιαίο μοντέλο ενδογενείς και εξωγενείς, θετικές και αρνητικές, ντετερμινιστικές και στοχαστικές πηγές επιρροής. Τα προτεινόμενα μοντέλα νευρωνικών δικτύων είναι εύκολα προσαρμόσιμα και κατάλληλα για τη μελέτη ενός μεγάλου αριθμού από online και offline κοινωνικές δυναμικές διαδικασίες που αφορούν στη διάδοση συμπεριφορών, τάσεων και φημών, καθώς και στη διάχυση και προώθηση νέων προϊόντων. Τελικά, τη γνώση που προέκυψε από την μοντελοποίηση των προτύπων της online κοινωνικής δραστηριότητας την αξιοποιώ περαιτέρω με την ανάπτυξη ενός προβλεπτικού μοντέλου ικανού να παράγει ακριβείς προβλέψεις σχετικά με τη διάδοση online περιεχομένου.

scholarly journals Principles for models of neural information processing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendrick N. Kay ◽  
Kevin S. Weiner
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
Neural Information Processing ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe goal of cognitive neuroscience is to understand how mental operations are performed by the brain. Given the complexity of the brain, this is a challenging endeavor that requires the development of formal models. Here, we provide a perspective on models of neural information processing in cognitive neuroscience. We define what these models are, explain why they are useful, and specify criteria for evaluating models. We also highlight the difference between functional and mechanistic models, and call attention to the value that neuroanatomy has for understanding brain function. Based on the principles we propose, we proceed to evaluate the merit of recently touted deep neural network models. We contend that these models are promising, but substantial work is necessary to (i) clarify what type of explanation these models provide, (ii) determine what specific effects they accurately explain, and (iii) improve our understanding of how they work.

scholarly journals Intrinsic bursts facilitate learning of Lévy flight movements in recurrent neural network models

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morihiro Ohta ◽  
Toshitake Asabuki ◽  
Tomoki Fukai
Keyword(s):  
Network Models ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Lévy Flight ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Levy Flight ◽  
Cognitive Behaviors ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions ◽  
The Brain

Isolated spikes and bursts of spikes are thought to provide the two major modes of information coding by neurons. Bursts are known to be crucial for fundamental processes between neuron pairs, such as neuronal communications and synaptic plasticity. Deficits in neuronal bursting can also impair higher cognitive functions and cause mental disorders. Despite these findings on the roles of bursts, whether and how bursts have an advantage over isolated spikes in the network-level computation remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate in a computational model that not isolated spikes but intrinsic bursts can greatly facilitate learning of Lévy flight random walk trajectories by synchronizing burst onsets across neural population. Lévy flight is a hallmark of optimal search strategies and appears in cognitive behaviors such as saccadic eye movements and memory retrieval. Our results suggest that bursting is a crucial component of sequence learning by recurrent neural networks in the brain.

Cranial Nerves and Cranial Nerve Nuclei

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Mason
Keyword(s):  
Cranial Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Abducens Nerve ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Anatomical Arrangement ◽  
Cranial Nerve Injuries ◽  
Nerve Dysfunction ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Brain

The functions of cranial nerves, conduits for sensory information to enter and motor information to exit the brain, and the common complaints arising from cranial nerve injuries are described. The modified anatomical arrangement of sensory and motor territories in the brainstem provides a framework for understanding the organization of the cranial nerve nuclei. A thorough grounding in the anatomy of cranial nerves and cranial nerve nuclei allows the student to deduce whether a given set of symptoms arises from a central or peripheral lesion. The near triad, pupillary light reflex, and Bell’s palsy are particularly emphasized. The contributions of the six extraocular muscles to controlling eye position and to potential diplopia are described along with the consequences of oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerve dysfunction. The potential for lesions of facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves to yield dysphagia and dysarthria are outlined.

scholarly journals Training the brain using neural-network models

Nature ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 333 (6172) ◽  
pp. 401-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN R. SKOYLES
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
The Brain

The Role of Computer Simulation in Neurolinguistics

1993 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Jürgen Eikmeyer ◽  
Ulrich Schade
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Structure And Functions

As a result of present-day technological standards, the technique of computer simulation is constantly gaining influence in cognitive science. Neurolinguistics is a special branch of this field in which cognitive capacities connected with language are related to the structure and functions of the brain. It is argued that computer simulation is a useful technique for evaluating neurolinguistic models. This is demonstrated with respect to neural network models of the process of language production.

Ergodicity of Spike Trains: When Does Trial Averaging Make Sense?

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1341-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Masuda ◽  
Kazuyuki Aihara
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Spike Trains ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Synchronous Firing ◽  
High Membrane Potential ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Brain

Neuronal information processing is often studied on the basis of spiking patterns. The relevant statistics such as firing rates calculated with the peri-stimulus time histogram are obtained by averaging spiking patterns over many experimental runs. However, animals should respond to one experimental stimulation in real situations, and what is available to the brain is not the trial statistics but the population statistics. Consequently, physiological ergodicity, namely, the consistency between trial averaging and population averaging, is implicitly assumed in the data analyses, although it does not trivially hold true. In this letter, we investigate how characteristics of noisy neural network models, such as single neuron properties, external stimuli, and synaptic inputs, affect the statistics of firing patterns. In particular, we show that how high membrane potential sensitivity to input fluctuations, inability of neurons to remember past inputs, external stimuli with large variability and temporally separated peaks, and relatively few contributions of synaptic inputs result in spike trains that are reproducible over many trials. The reproducibility of spike trains and synchronous firing are contrasted and related to the ergodicity issue. Several numerical calculations with neural network examples are carried out to support the theoretical results.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document