Heads over Tails? An Exploration of Anatomical Arrangement within Cremation Urns from Bronze Age Hungary.

Although cremation is a well-known and common method of mortuary treatment in prehistory, there is a relative lack of archaeological literature concerning post-burning rituals. A search of the Human Relations Area Files for ethnographic data on post-burning cremation practices reveals a wide variety of practices, suggesting that the examination of the deposition of cremated remains in the archaeological record should also be a fruitful avenue for research. This study introduces a simple yet broadly applicable statistical method for evaluating one aspect of the post-burning process in the archaeological record: the arrangement of bone fragments within burial urns. The ratio of cranial to postcranial elements was calculated for each level of microexcavated funerary urns from Békés 103, a Bronze Age cemetery located in southeastern Hungary. At contemporaneous sites in the Carpathian Basin, archaeologists have reported the practice of placing bones in urns in anatomical order with the extremities located at the bottom of the vessel and the crania located on top. This pattern was notevident at the Békés 103 cemetery; however, this does not suggest there was not intentionality in the manner in which individuals were treated after death. Instead, the homogeneity of the distribution of cremated remains within urns may point to other mortuary practices. This study develops a useful method to systematically examine spatial aspects of cremated human bone from large cemeteries that can be used to better understand post-burning rituals in the past. A hamvasztás az őstörténet korszakaiban jól ismert és elterjedt szokás, ennek ellenére a régészeti irodalmi források kevés esetben tesznek említést az esetleges hamvasztást követő rítusokról. A Human Relations Area Files (eHRAF) adatbázisában a hamvasztást követő rítusok néprajzi párhuzamai változatos szokásokról számolnak be, amely arra enged következtetni, hogy a régészeti lelőhelyekről származó hamvasztásos anyagok hasonló kutatása szintén új információkkal szolgálhat a kutatás számára. Jelen tanulmányunk egyszerű, de széles körben alkalmazható statisztikai módszer bemutatására vállalkozik, amely segítségével a hamvasztást követő lépések egyikére következtethetünk; a hamvasztott csontanyag urnán belüli térbeli elrendeződésére kaphatunk választ. Vizsgálataink során a koponyatöredékek és posztkraniális vázelemek arányának meghatározása történt meg a bronzkorhoz köthető Békés-103 lelőhely (Délkelet-Magyarország)hamvasztásos urnáinak mikroásatása során elkülönített rétegekben. A hasonló régészeti korhoz köthető leírásokban fellelhetők a maradványok anatómiai elkülönülése, a végtagokhoz tartozó csontrészletek az urna alsó részében, a koponya elemei pedig az urna felső részében jelentek meg. Ez az elrendeződés a Békés-103 lelőhelyen nem volt nyilvánvaló, ami nem jelenti az egyén halálát követő lépések esetében a szándékosság hiányát. Az elrendeződésben megfigyelhető homogenitás egyéb, a halált követő rítusok, lépések jelenlétére utalhat. Jelen tanulmány egy olyan, a hamvasztott maradványok térbeli elrendeződésének szisztematikus vizsgálatára alkalmas módszer bemutatására vállalkozik, amely nagy méretű temetők esetében is alkalmazható, így hozzájárulhat a hamvasztást követő temetkezési lépéseinek jobb megértéséhez.

Comparison of the Benzanthrone Luminophores: They Are Not Equal for Rapid Examination of Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha (Trematoda: Digenea)

Luminescent derivatives of benzanthrone are becoming more useful based on their light-absorbing and fluorescent-emitting properties. Our previous studies showed that luminescent staining properties of the same benzanthrone dye differ for variable parasite samples. Therefore, two types of benzanthrone dyes were prepared. One has a strongly basic amidine group and a halogen atom, and the other has an amide moiety and a tertiary amine group. Trematoda Parafasciolopsis fasciolaemorpha is a liver fluke of a moose (Alces alces) and has a significant influence on the health and abundance of the moose population. Staining protocols for parasite P. fasciolaemorpha specific organ or organ systems imaging are mostly time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to compare the fixation technique and the staining protocol by synthesized benzanthrone luminescent dyes to determine detailed morphology, anatomical arrangement of the organ systems and gross organization of the muscle layers of P. fasciolaemorpha using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Luminophores were tested for samples fixed in different fixatives. Developed dyes and staining protocol resulting in imaging of all parts of trematode without additional sample preparation procedures, which usually are required for parasite examination. Obtained results confirmed that the most qualitative results could be reached using 3-N-(2-piperidinylacetamido)benzanthrone dye which has amide moiety and a tertiary amine group. Based on obtained results, 3-N-(2-piperidinylacetamido)benzanthrone gave more qualitative parasite visualization than 2-bromo-3-N-(N′,N′-dimethylformamidino)benzanthrone.

Musculoskeletal system

The chapter entitled ‘Musculoskeletal system’ summarizes the parts of the connective and skeletal tissues—connective tissue, cartilage, and bone—before looking in more detail at the anatomy of the upper and lower limbs and the spine, including the bones, joints, muscles, innervation, and blood vessels. The chapter provides comprehensive summaries of the bones of the skeleton, their function and anatomical arrangement as well as the muscles involved in movements of different joints and their innervation and anatomical arrangement. The pathology of the musculoskeletal system is discussed, including arthritic joint disease, muscular dystrophies, and atrophy due to disuse.

Wiring diagram of the oxytocin system in the mouse brain

In the brain, oxytocin (OT) neurons make direct connections with discreet regions to regulate social behavior and diverse physiological responses. Obtaining an integrated neuroanatomical understanding of pleiotropic OT functions requires comprehensive wiring diagram of OT neurons. Here, we have created a whole-brain map of distribution and anatomical connections of hypothalamic OT neurons, and their relationship with OT receptor (OTR) expression. We used our brain-wide quantitative mapping at cellular resolution combined with a 2D flatmap to provide an intuitive understanding of the spatial arrangements of OT neurons. Then, we utilized knock-in Ot-Cre mice injected with Cre dependent retrograde monosynaptic rabies viruses and anterograde adeno associated virus to interrogate input-output patterns. We find that brain regions with cognitive functions such as the thalamus are reciprocally connected, while areas associated with physiological functions such as the hindbrain receive unidirectional outputs. Lastly, comparison between OT output and OTR expression showed no significant quantitative correlation, suggesting that OT transmission mostly occurs through indirect pathways. In summary, our OT wiring diagram provides structural and quantitative insights of distinct behavioral functions of OT neurons in the brain.Significance StatementOxytocin (OT) neurons in the brain play an important role in socio-physiological responses. Impairment of OT signaling has been implicated in many neurodevelopmental disorders. To understand diverse OT functions in the context of discreet neural circuits, it is imperative to understand the anatomical arrangement of OT neurons across the whole brain in significant detail. Here, we have established a comprehensive brain-wide wiring diagram of OT neurons. Our anatomical and connectivity map of OT neurons includes brain-wide cell distribution, synaptic inputs, axonal outputs, and their relationships with the oxytocin receptor expression. This whole brain structural perspective of the OT system provides a foundation for understanding the diversity of neural circuits modulated by OT and will guide future circuit-based OT functional studies.

Technological characteristics of two species of the genus Erisma sp. in the state of Mato Grosso

The state of Mato Grosso has several forest species that are widely used for originating various products that are important to the state's economy. The technological characteristics allow several uses of wood, however, there are species of the same genus that have little studied properties. The objective of this work was to characterize the technological properties of cedar wood (Erisma uncinatum) and white cedar wood (Erisma bicolor). Techniques for anatomical characterization and tests for physical properties tests were employed. Drying test was performed at 100º C, obtaining the drying temperature in different ranges: T1 (5%), T2 (30%) and T3 (30 and 5%) and drying speed: V1 (5%), V2 (30%) and V3 (30 and 5%). It was observed that the cedar species presented larger dimensions for most of the evaluated anatomical elements in relation to the white cedar species. However, the anatomical arrangement for both species was similar at the microscopic level. There were significant differences between the basic densities for the species which influenced the other physical properties, specifically the retractability and drying speed. With the drying program elaborated it was noticed that there was time difference for the wood of the species to reach the moisture content in the range of the saturation point of the fibers, while for 5% of moisture content they kept the same drying time, generating differences in absolute values between species in water loss velocity between 30 and 5% moisture content.

Inovasi Kurikulum dalam Perspektif Komponen-Komponen Kurikulum Pendidikan Agama Islam

This study will elaborate on curriculum innovation in the perspective of PAI curriculum components. Where the curriculum can be interpreted as a variety of variations, there is a narrow view of the curriculum as a collection of subjects. As for the broad interpretations include all experiences gained by students because of the direction, guidance and responsibilities of the school. The conclusion is that a component is an integral and functional part that is inseparable from a curriculum system because the component itself has a role in the formation of the curriculum system. Because the curriculum can be likened to a human or animal organism, which has a certain anatomical arrangement. Thus, curriculum components are the parts or elements of the curriculum that have been planned to achieve certain educational goals. The curriculum can be likened to a human or animal organism, which has a certain anatomical arrangement. The main elements or components of the anatomy of the curriculum body are objectives, content or material, delivery processes or systems and media, and evaluation. These components are closely related to each other. Criticism of the writer which proposes the addition of religious values and the value of cooperation to maximize the Islamic Education curriculum in implementing it in schools.

Double Cystic Duct as Rare Anatomic Variant

Summary The variations of the cystic duct are so common that only 30% of all humans present the classical anatomical arrangement between the common bile duct (CBD), the cystic duct, and adjacent arteries. Thus, it could be considered that anomalies of the biliary tree are a rule rather than an exception. Duplication of the cystic duct, however, is a very uncommon anatomical finding. In the Department of General and Digestive Surgery of the University Hospital Complex Albacete, a 73-year-old patient was admitted with symptoms of cholangitis. He underwent emergency surgery that found exacerbated chronic cholecystitis and dilation of the CBD. Cholecystectomy was performed with identification of a double cystic duct that drained separately in the CBD and exploration of the last revealed cholangitis without choledocholithiasis. The postoperative period progressed favourably, proceeding to discharge from the hospital with Kehr drainage closed. In conclusion, we consider that the routine use of intraoperative cholangiography when there is suspicion of anatomical variations of the biliary tree is mandatory to rule out lesions or alterations thereof.

Active sensing with light improves predator detection in a diurnal fish

Active sensing by means of light is rare. In vertebrates, it is known only from chemiluminescent fish with light organs below their pupils, an anatomical arrangement that is ideal to generate eyeshine in the pupils of nearby organisms. Here, we test whether diurnal fish can achieve the same by redirecting sunlight through reflection instead. We recently showed that small (< 5 cm), benthic, marine triplefin fish actively redirect downwelling light using their iris. We hypothesized that this mechanism allows triplefins to improve detection of a cryptic organism by generating eyeshine in its pupil. Here, we tested this by attaching small dark hats to triplefins to shade their iris from downwelling light. Two controls consisted of triplefins with a clear or no hat. These treatments test the prediction that light redirection increases the visual detection ability of triplefins. To this end, we placed treated fish in a tank with a display compartment containing either a stone as the control stimulus, or a scorpionfish, i.e. a cryptic, motionless triplefin predator with retroreflective eyes. After overnight acclimatization, we determined the average distance triplefins kept from the display compartment over two days. Both in the laboratory (n = 15 replicates per treatment) and in a similar field experiment at 15 m depth (n = 43 replicates per treatment) fish kept longer distances from the scorpionfish than from the stone. This response varied between hat treatments: shaded triplefins stayed significantly closer to the scorpionfish in the laboratory and in one of two orientations tested in the field. A follow-up field experiment at 10 m depth revealed the immediate response of triplefins to a scorpionfish. At first, many individuals (n = 80) moved towards it, with shaded triplefins getting significantly closer. All individuals then gradually moved to a safer distance at the opposite half of the tank. Visual modelling supported the experimental results by showing that triplefins can redirect enough light with their iris to increase a scorpionfish’s pupil brightness above detection threshold at a distance of 7 cm under average field conditions and at more than 12 cm under favorable conditions. We conclude that triplefins are generally good in the visual detection of a cryptic predator, but can significantly improve this ability when able to redirect downwelling light with their iris and induce eyeshine in the predator’s pupil. We discuss the consequences of “diurnal active photolocation” for visual detection and camouflage among fish species.

Anatomical Arrangement of the Subclavian Artery Branches in the Rabbit and European Hare

The aim of this study was to compare the anatomical arrangements of the branches arising from the subclavian arteries in the domesticated rabbit and hare. The study was carried out on ten adult rabbits and ten adult European hares using the corrosion cast technique. After the euthanasia, the vascular network was perfused with saline. The arterial system of the entire body was injected by Batson’s corrosion casting kit No. 17. After polymerization of the medium, the maceration was carried out in KOH solution. The arrangement of the origins of the branches of the bilateral subclavian arteries were more variable in the hare. The number of branches arising from the subclavian artery were more regular in the rabbit on the right side and in the hare on the left side. In the rabbit, we found in two cases, the origins of the branches of the left subclavian artery from the aortic arch. The anatomical found between the rabbit and the hare may possibly be associated with their different ways of life.