Beach Town

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Hilliard
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
First World War ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
World War ◽  
Ship Building ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality Industry ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
First World

The chapter surveys post-First World War Littlehampton, a coastal town where tourism and hospitality had overtaken maritime trade, but where coastal shipping and ship-building remained important industries. The libel case unfolded in the Beach Town district, where Littlehampton’s hotels and apartment houses were concentrated. Many of the tradesmen, small businesswomen, labourers, and domestics who serviced the tourism and hospitality industry lived in the neighbourhood. Working from the evidence George Nicholls gathered, census records, and documents in the Littlehampton Museum, the chapter provides an anatomy of the neighbourhood and then examines the families at the centre of the dispute, their economic and social position, and relationships within the household, which were often marked by violence.

Blockade and the Civilian Population

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip Drew
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Gulf War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Maritime Trade ◽  
World War ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Strategic Bombing ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Drawing on several examples through history, this chapter illustrates the devastating potential that maritime blockades can have when they are employed against modern societies that are dependent on maritime trade, and particularly on the importation of foodstuffs and agricutltural materials for the survival of their civilian populations. Revealing statistics that show that the blockade of Germany during the First World War caused more civilian deaths than did the allied strategic bombing campaign of the Second World War, and that the sanctions regime against Iraq killed far more people than did the 1991 Gulf War, it demonstrates that civilian casualties are often the true unseen cost of conducting blockade operations.

Before the Main Game: Australia’s Citizen Infantry Battalion Commanders before the First World War

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-34
Author(s):  
William Westerman
Keyword(s):  
Education And Training ◽  
First World War ◽  
Social Position ◽  
The State ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Part Time ◽  
First World ◽  
And Training

This article explores officer capability and culture of the Australian army before the First World War, in particular those officers who held infantry battalion commands. Although the men who served in Australia’s part-time citizen army as infantry battalion commanders showed dedication and enthusiasm for soldiering, they were under-developed as infantry commanders, owing to time constraints and general under-investment in officer education and training. Officers who became battalion commanders were also relatively old, and their rise through the ranks was facilitated more by social position, rather than competence or experience. As a result, those Citizen Forces battalion commanders who enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force largely failed to carry out commands effectively in wartime, an indictment on the state of the Australian Army before the First World War.

The Coastal Trade of Connah's Quay in the Early Twentieth Century: A Preliminary Investigation

2009 ◽  
pp. 305-326
Author(s):  
John Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Dee Estuary ◽  
Regional Factors ◽  
Run Up ◽  
First World

This chapter explores one of the few existing sources for coastal trade activity in ports - the trade records of Connah’s Quay on the River Dee between 1905 and 1914. It examines the port register, crew agreements, and the records of Wrexham, Mold and Connah’s Quay Railway, in attempt to determine the specific (as opposed to national or regional) factors that contributed to the decline of port activity in the run up to the First World War. These factors include the treacherous waters of the Dee Estuary; the absence of liner trade; the narrow range of goods; and the imbalance between outward and inward-going voyages. Through analysis of these factors, it concludes that Connah’s Quay was indeed atypical of the national trend in coastal shipping during this period.

Climax and Climacteric: The British Coastal Trade, 1870-1930

2009 ◽  
pp. 261-282
Author(s):  
John Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
First World ◽  
Do So

This chapter is a study of the rise and decline of the British coastal shipping trade between 1870 and 1914. It separates the period into three segments: the prosperous 1870-1914; the immediate impact of the First World War 1914-1918; and the stagnation of 1918-1930. It examines both the short and long-term causes of decline, and concludes that the decline and stagnation of the coastal fleet was due to a combination of factors, both avoidable and inevitable. Crucially, though the coastal shipping continued to innovate during this period it did not do so quickly enough to rescue the industry.

Coastal Shipping: The Neglected Sector of Nineteenth-Century British Transport History

2009 ◽  
pp. 91-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
New Technology ◽  
First World War ◽  
Industrial Technology ◽  
World War ◽  
Coastal Shipping ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Government Records ◽  
First World

This essay argues against previous maritime scholarship which suggests that the advent of the railway was evidence of the supremacy of modern over pre-industrial technology, and quickly rendered other modes of transport obsolete. It asserts that coastal shipping remained essential despite rail technology, and indeed achieved growth and expansion throughout the nineteenth century and up to the start of the First World War. It examines government records of tonnage, cargo, and profit; the naval potential of coasters; and newspaper resources in order to determine the prevalence of the network of coastal liner services. It analyses the approach of coastal industry when competing with rail - the development of new technology and the offer of rapid cargo turnarounds. It concludes that rail and coastal trades benefitted one another throughout the nineteenth century, contrary to the dominant narrative that rail rendered the majority of transport obsolete upon inception.

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