The relevance of introspective data

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Newmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Real Life ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
Number Of Publications

Introspective judgments of acceptability have long been criticized for being both inconsistent and irrelevant. A number of publications have addressed the former issue and have argued that such judgments, carefully collected, are generally consistent. It remains the case, however, that many linguists question whether introspective data are or can be relevant to the construction of the correct theory of language. In the view of many usage-based grammarians, the sentences made up by analysts rather than real-life utterances lead inevitably to the supposedly unrealistic and complex abstract structures posited by generative grammarians. The chapter challenges that view. Appealing to a 170 MB corpus of conversational English, it argues that introspective data and conversational data do not lead to different conclusions about the nature of linguistic theory.

The Sign Theory of Language and the form-meaning interface / La Théorie du langage basée sur le signe et l’interface forme-sens

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 171-215
Author(s):  
Frederick J. Newmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Significant Degree ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Sign Theory ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
External Motivation

AbstractThis article examines a key feature of Denis Bouchard's Sign Theory of Language, namely theSubstantive Hypothesis(SH), the idea that “the most explanatory linguistic theory is one that minimizes the elements (ideally to zero) that do not have an external motivation in the prior properties of the perceptual and conceptual substances of language”. The article argues that the strongest form of the SH is challenged by two widespread classes of phenomena: morphosyntactic generalizations that are not sign-based, and non-sign-based external pressures on grammars. It concludes with some speculative remarks on why, to a significant degree, grammatical patterning is not sign-based.

The Aesthetics of Exodus

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek R. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Entry Point ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
General Intellect

While the general intellect continues to provide a rich resource for understanding post-Fordism and for theorizing resistance, there remains a neglected aesthetic dimension to the general intellect and the role that art can play in resistance based on it. This article develops the general intellect along these lines by drawing on two theorists who are rarely thought together: Paolo Virno and Jean-François Lyotard. The article begins by introducing the general intellect and Virno’s reconceptualization of it as the general or generic intellect. It then introduces a relationship between art and the general intellect by reading Virno’s theory of language, speech, and communication. From here, it goes to his theory of exodus, which is then read back through his linguistic theory to draw out the key role that subjective defection plays in the project. Although Virno doesn’t spend much time discussing art, his brief remarks are used as an entry point to move to Lyotard’s writings on music and art, where the author fleshes out an aesthetic dimension to the general intellect and the project of exodus. The argument focuses on the artistic gesture (the “art” in/of the artwork) and especially timbre as witnesses and eruptions of the potentiality of the general intellect that can never be properly actualized. By analyzing timbre as a fugitive force that desubjectifies those gathered around music, the author argues that it provides an example of the opening necessary for the subjective defection that inaugurates exodus. In this way, the aesthetic dimension added to the general intellect is the generic capacity to be affected and disindividuated.

Linguistics and communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-313
Author(s):  
Keith Allan
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Object Language ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Primary Function ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis essay begins by identifying what communication is and what linguistics is in order to establish the relationship between them. The characterization of linguistics leads to discussion of the nature of language and of the relationship between a theory of language, i. e., linguistic theory, and the object language it models. This, in turn, leads to a review of speculations on the origins of human language with a view to identifying the motivation for its creation and its primary function. After considering a host of data, it becomes clear that, contrary to some approaches, the primary function of human language is to function as a vehicle of communication. Thus, linguistics studies what for humans is their primary vehicle of communication.

Linguistic Theory of Language Learning as Related to Machine Teaching

1970 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 617
Author(s):  
Charles N. Staubach ◽  
Richard Barrutia
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Theory Of Language

scholarly journals Human Factors Research in Immersive Virtual Reality Firefighter Training: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G Wheeler ◽  
Hendrik Engelbrecht ◽  
Simon Hoermann
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Immersive Virtual Reality ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Emergency Personnel ◽  
Vr Training ◽  
Number Of Publications

Immersive virtual reality (VR) shows a lot of potential for the training of professionals in the emergency response domain. Firefighters occupy a unique position among emergency personnel as the threats they encounter are mainly environmental. Immersive VR therefore represents a great opportunity to be utilized for firefighter training. This systematic review summarizes the existing literature of VR firefighting training that has a specific focus on human factors and learning outcomes, as opposed to literature that solely covers the system, or simulation, with little consideration given to its user. An extensive literature search followed by rigorous filtering of publications with narrowly defined criteria was performed to aggregate results from methodologically sound user studies. The included studies provide evidence that suggests the suitability of VR firefighter training, especially in search and rescue and commander training scenarios. Although the overall number of publications is small, the viability of VR as an ecologically valid analog to real-life training is promising. In the future, more work is needed to establish clear evidence and guidelines to optimize the effectiveness of VR training and to increase reliable data through appropriate research endeavors.

scholarly journals A Review of Deep Learning Based Methods for Acoustic Scene Classification

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob Abeßer
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Data Preparation ◽  
Scene Classification ◽  
Feature Representations ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Number Of Publications

The number of publications on acoustic scene classification (ASC) in environmental audio recordings has constantly increased over the last few years. This was mainly stimulated by the annual Detection and Classification of Acoustic Scenes and Events (DCASE) competition with its first edition in 2013. All competitions so far involved one or multiple ASC tasks. With a focus on deep learning based ASC algorithms, this article summarizes and groups existing approaches for data preparation, i.e., feature representations, feature pre-processing, and data augmentation, and for data modeling, i.e., neural network architectures and learning paradigms. Finally, the paper discusses current algorithmic limitations and open challenges in order to preview possible future developments towards the real-life application of ASC systems.

Elephantine Revisited

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Karel van der Toorn
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
First Century ◽  
Secondary Literature ◽  
Ancient Judaism ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Full Century ◽  
Sheer Number

This chapter revisits the scholarship regarding the discovery of the Elephantine Jews. A full century has passed since Eduard Sachau's edition of the Elephantine papyri in 1911. The Elephantine papyri promised direct and unbiased access to a Jewish community as it had been in real life. Furthermore, the sheer number of publications on the papyri between 1905 and 1915 conveyed a sense of the excitement that characterized the early days of Elephantine studies. This chapter shows that Elephantine studies continue to flourish in the twenty-first century. Counting monographs only, the secondary literature is expanding by almost one book a year. An important impetus for the ongoing investigations is the time frame of Elephantine, which is crucial in the formation of ancient Judaism and warrants a reassessment of prevailing scholarship.

“accipiendo vel compilando ab aliis”: De vulgari eloquentia 1.1. Reading Dante with Dante: A contribution to Dante’s theory of language

2021 ◽  
pp. 001458582110225
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Ardizzone
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Theory ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Vita Nuova ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
De Vulgari Eloquentia

This article analyzes Dante’s theory of language and considers at first a few fragments of Dante’s Latin treatise on the vernacular, reading them in light of their ancient-medieval contexts. This reading allows part-modification of the critical discourse about Dante’s theory of language. The article argues that Dante’s discussion did not start in the De vulgari eloquentia, as is commonly assumed, but was at first introduced in the Vita nuova. Recent studies show that the theme of laude in the Vita nuova includes a linguistic theory and a discourse on the deep structures of language. Focussing on specific words, considering them in light of the ancient-medieval background, the article organizes a transverse reading that considers layers of Dante’s discourse on language from the Vita nuova to the Commedia not yet explored and evaluated.

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