Brazil

2019 ◽  
pp. 149-170
Author(s):  
Carlos R. S. Milani ◽  
Tiago Nery
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Civilian Control ◽  
Democratic Regime ◽  
Military Dictatorship

After the civil-military dictatorship (1964–1985), the Brazilian re-democratization process coincided with a “double divorce.” The first was between foreign policy and defense policy, the second between military and civilian authorities. It was only in the aftermath of the inauguration of the 1988 Constitution that the Brazilian federal government began constructing a bridge between these two public policies, their respective administrations, and attendant constituencies under the aegis of a democratic regime. Cardoso’s government began implementing a strategy aimed at placing the armed forces under civilian control. But it was during Lula’s and Rousseff’s subsequent administration’s that they laid out a “sketch of Brazil’s grand strategy,” interrupted by Rousseff’s 2016 controversial impeachment.Â?In this context, we analyze the main challenges concerning the conception and the implementation of Brazil’s grand strategy between 2003 and 2014, thus demonstrating how Brazil’s domestic politics and its development model together played key roles in this process.

Grand Strategy of the Master Class

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-122
Author(s):  
Matthew Karp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Antebellum Era ◽  
Fugitive Slave

This chapter discusses the role of Southerners and slavery in US foreign policy from the antebellum era to the Civil War. Studies that explore slavery's specific impact on foreign policy have generally confined themselves to the ways that slaveholders worked to secure fugitive slave laws, enact restrictions on black sailors, or, at most, fight to add new slave states to the Union. However, the kind of domination that slaveholders desired went beyond the need to reinforce their narrow property rights, or even the desire to expand the amount of territory under slave cultivation. Antebellum slaveholders assumed national Cabinet posts to command the power of the entire United States, and then, crucially, to use that power to strengthen slavery in world politics. If grand strategy is “the intellectual architecture that gives form and structure to foreign policy,” slaveholding leaders were not merely provincial sectionalists but bold and cosmopolitan strategic thinkers. Their profound ideological commitment to slavery did not merely affect domestic politics within a divided republic; it left a deep imprint on the “strategic culture” of American foreign policy.

Defense and Foreign Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 338-353
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Defense Policy ◽  
National Politics ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

The history of American foreign and defense policy is framed by an enduring debate over the appropriate role of federal power in national politics. From the very beginning, parties formed around the role of the armed forces and how America should conduct its diplomacy. Competition between the branches of government, and the parties therein, over who should direct foreign and defense policy is central to their history. This chapter charts the contours of that competition, most notably between the president and Congress, and then considers the ideas that have driven these often overlapping public policies. It concludes by arguing that whilst this competition is basic to the history of the subject, continuity in foreign and defense policy is also an important part of the story.

Unsurpassed

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Norpoth
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
American People ◽  
Postwar America ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Popular Appeal ◽  
To Come ◽  
Franklin Roosevelt ◽  
Commander In Chief

Franklin Roosevelt’s popular appeal is traced to his actions as commander-in-chief, a shorthand for his handling of foreign policy. Norpoth has mined a treasure trove of polls conducted during the 1930’s and 1940’s that probed public opinion about Franklin Roosevelt, foreign and domestic politics, along with party loyalties and electoral choices. FDR won re-election to an unprecedented third term—and then a fourth—because of wartime conditions that highlighted his role as commander-in-chief. FDR’s fabled fireside chats about foreign perils paid off as the American people, in a historic opinion swing, abandoned isolationism and embraced FDR’s policies of aiding France and England in the war with Germany. When it came to his proposals for a massive buildup of the armed forces, the commander in chief was able to count on broad popular support. Those outlays also happened to accomplish what the New Deal had failed to do: vanquish the Depression. FDR’s foreign policy actions in 1940–1941 elevated him to a rare height of popularity. This happened months before the Pearl Harbor attack, which triggered a brief rally. Unlike the experience of nearly all of his successors, FDR’s approval remained unscathed by war and, in particular, the heavy human toll. And finally, it is as a popular commander-in-chief that FDR left behind a G.I generation of loyal Democrats in postwar America, giving that party a commanding role in American politics for decades to come.

scholarly journals POLÍTICA EXTERNA, POLÍTICA DE DEFESA E MODELO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO NO BRASIL: DO ESTADO DESENVOLVIMENTISTA AO ESTADO LOGÍSTICO (1930-2017)

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Miguel Quedi Martins ◽  
Raul Cavedon Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Defense Policy ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

This article presents an analysis of the relationship between Brazil’s foreign policy,defense policy and development model in a historical perspective. A paradigmaticapproach is used, trying to identify the phases of the Brazilian Grand Strategy thatcross the limits of the presidential terms, being also linked to international political,economic and military constraints. The period covered begins in the 1930s, withthe rise of the Developmental State, addresses the 1980s turning point (Normal/Neoliberal State), and examines the defense investment’s rise and crisis of the 2000sand 2010s (Logistic State).

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisel Hintz
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Pop Culture ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Inside Out

This chapter introduces the book’s aim of turning the concept of identity politics inside out. It presents Turkey as an empirical window onto these dynamics, familiarizing readers with puzzling shifts in domestic politics and foreign policy that do not correspond to shifts in geopolitical dynamics, international economic conditions, or the coming to power of a new party. For example, after the AKP made progress toward EU membership in its first term, the party’s subsequent terms witnessed a sharp reorientation of Turkey, a traditional Western ally, toward the Middle East. This period also demonstrates a rise in “Ottomania”—reviled until recently as delusions of imperial Islamic grandeur—which now permeates everything from pop culture to political campaigns. How was such a drastic reorientation of Turkey possible under the AKP? This introduction lays out how the book solves this puzzle by turning identity politics inside out and outlines the structure of the book.

Serbia and Croatia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filip Ejdus
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Cold War ◽  
Democratic Transition ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Small States ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Defence

During the cold war, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia was a middle-sized power pursuing a non-aligned foreign policy and a defence strategy based on massive armed forces, obligatory conscription, and a doctrine of ‘Total National Defence’. The violent disintegration of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s resulted in the creation of several small states. Ever since, their defence policies and armed forces have been undergoing a thorough transformation. This chapter provides an analysis of the defence transformation of the two biggest post-Yugoslav states—Serbia and Croatia—since the end of the cold war. During the 1990s, defence transformation in both states was shaped by the undemocratic nature of their regimes and war. Ever since they started democratic transition in 2000, and in spite of their diverging foreign policies, both states have pivoted towards building modern, professional, interoperable, and democratically controlled armed forces capable of tackling both traditional and emerging threats.

Making Geoeconomics an IR Research Program

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Jung Kim
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Parsimonious Explanation ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
The One ◽  
New Research

Abstract In contrast to growing public attention to geoeconomics as the new mode of conducting great power competition, the IR discipline has not actively engaged in conceptual and theoretical analysis from the geoeconomic viewpoint. This article examines issues that geoeconomics needs to solve to become a new theoretical framework in the positivist “American” IR scholarship that dominates research on great power competition. On the one hand, the concept of geoeconomics needs to be redefined and account for a phenomenon that is not already covered in extant IR scholarship. Thus, geoeconomics should be considered as a form of grand strategy and defined as the use of economic instruments to advance mid- to long-term strategic interests in a geographical region of the world. On the other hand, geoeconomics in positivist IR should take into account international economic structure and domestic politics in developing a parsimonious explanation for the conditions to employ geoeconomic grand strategy. In this process, the theorist needs to make an analytical choice to concentrate on certain factors and mechanisms to assure theoretical parsimony. This article concludes that addressing the issues of conceptual clarity and parsimonious theorization would potentially allow geoeconomics to become a new research program in positivist IR.

Seeking Accountability, Legitimacy, and Transparency: Congressional Intervention in the Philippines’ South China Sea Policy

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 161-191
Author(s):  
Robert Joseph Medillo
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
South China Sea ◽  
South China ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Comparative Case Study ◽  
Congressional Hearings ◽  
China Sea ◽  
News Reports ◽  
Government Documents

Abstract Why and how did the Philippine Congress intervene in the policies of Arroyo (hedging), Aquino III (balancing), and Duterte (appeasement) on the South China Sea disputes? In particular, why and how did the Philippine Congress challenge each president’s attempt to forge either cooperation or confrontation towards China? Guided by the domestic politics – foreign policy nexus, this article explores the dynamic role of the Philippine Congress in the country’s foreign policy process. It combines comparative case-study and content analysis methods to examine relevant congressional records, government documents, public speeches, and news reports. This article finds that the impetus behind Congress’ intervention was to seek accountability, legitimacy, and transparency via registering a bill or passing a law, filing legislative resolutions, holding congressional hearings, calling for impeachment proceedings, delivering privilege speeches, and issuing press releases. This article offers its empirical and theoretical contributions to broaden current understanding of the relationship between domestic politics and foreign policy.

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