What Is Animal Welfare?

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Marian Stamp Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Complexity Problem ◽  
Welfare Measures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition ◽  
Simple Definition

The two main reasons it has been so difficult to arrive at an agreed definition of animal welfare are the ‘complexity problem’ (so many different measures of welfare now available) and the ‘consciousness problem’ (conscious experience is itself so difficult to define). There is, however, a relatively simple definition of welfare that provides a solution to both of these problems. Defining animal welfare as ‘health and animals having what they want’ can be easily understood by scientists and non-scientists alike, expresses in simple words what many existing definitions are trying to say anyway and provides the ‘valence’ needed to validate the long list of welfare measures we now have available. Above all, it shows what evidence we need to collect to improve animal welfare in practice.

Animal Welfare: The Science and Its Words

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Marian Stamp Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Core Concept ◽  
Proper Definition ◽  
The Many ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition ◽  
The Way

Despite growing public concern over the way humans treat animals, there is still no agreed definition of what ‘animal welfare’ is. This lack of a proper definition has been detrimental to animals themselves and has made the whole subject of animal welfare look vague, unscientific and unclear about its core concept. Real improvements in the lives of animals would be greatly helped by a definition of welfare that can be agreed to by everyone, scientists and non-scientists alike, and that could bring together the many different ways in which ‘welfare’ is now measured. The aim of this book is to give such a definition and to make the case that any attempt to definition should be animal-centred and take into account the animals’ own point of view.

Conclusions

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
Marian Stamp Dawkins
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

As a universally agreed definition of animal welfare, ‘health and what animals want’ passes four important tests. First, it unites and complements most existing definitions by emphasizing the animals’ own point of view. Second, it indicates which physiological and behavioural measures are valid and supplies valence where it is missing. Third, it specifies in practical terms exactly what evidence need to be collected to ensure good welfare. Fourth, it is easily understandable by scientists and non-scientists alike. It is thus fit for the purpose of representing the interests of non-human animals in a world where these often conflict with human interests.

scholarly journals Legal Complexities of Animal Welfare in Australia: Do On-Animal Sensors Offer a Future Option?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Jaime Manning ◽  
Deborah Power ◽  
Amy Cosby
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Continuous Measurement ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Behavioural State ◽  
A Value ◽  
Welfare Measures ◽  
The Cost

The five freedoms and, more recently, the five domains of animal welfare provide internationally recognised frameworks to evaluate animal welfare practices which recognise both the physical and mental wellbeing needs of animals, providing a balanced view of their ability to cope in their environment. Whilst there are many techniques to measure animal welfare, the challenge lies with how best to align these with future changes in definitions and expectations, advances in science, legislative requirements, and technology improvements. Furthermore, enforcement of current animal welfare legislation in relation to livestock in Australia and the reliance on self-audits for accreditation schemes, challenges our ability to objectively measure animal welfare. On-animal sensors have enormous potential to address animal welfare concerns and assist with legislative compliance, through continuous measurement and monitoring of an animal’s behavioural state and location being reflective of their wellbeing. As reliable animal welfare measures evolve and the cost of on-animal sensors reduce, technology adoption will increase as the benefits across the supply chain are realised. Future adoption of on-animal sensors by producers will primarily depend on a value proposition for their business being clear; algorithm development to ensure measures are valid and reliable; increases in producer knowledge, willingness, and trust in data governance; and improvements in data transmission and connectivity.

A simple definition of ‘intentionally’

Cognition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 214 ◽  
pp. 104806
Author(s):  
Tadeg Quillien ◽  
Tamsin C. German
Keyword(s):  
Definition Of ◽  
Simple Definition

An Internationally Agreed Definition of Progressing Stroke

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Barber ◽  
David J. Stott ◽  
Peter Langhorne
Keyword(s):  
Progressing Stroke ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

Labour Exploitation in Human Trafficking Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

The 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime provides the first internationally agreed definition of the human trafficking. However, in failings to clarify the exact scope and meaning of exploitation, it has created an ambiguity as to what constitutes exploitation of labour in criminal law. <br>The international definition's preference for an enumerative approach has been replicated in most regional and domestic legal instruments, making it difficult to draw the line between exploitation in terms of violations of labour rights and extreme forms of exploitation such as those listed in the Protocol. <br><br>This book addresses this legal gap by seeking to conceptualise labour exploitation in criminal law.

scholarly journals Defining cosmetic surgery

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Nicola R Dean ◽  
Kristen Foley ◽  
Paul Ward
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
Cosmetic Surgery ◽  
Invasive Procedure ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Normal Appearance ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Developmental Abnormalities ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

An agreed definition for cosmetic surgery would be helpful for the purposes of discourse on ethics, patient safety, healthcare policy and health economics.  One of the problems with previous attempts at developing a definition is the narrow frame of reference and lack of engagement with the full spectrum of academics and stakeholders.  This review brings together the sociological as well as the surgical literature on the topic of cosmetic surgery and examines societal, ethical and healthcare aspects.  It outlines principles of constructing a definition and presents a provisional definition for further debate, namely:  Cosmetic surgery is defined, for the purposes of a healthcare payer, as any invasive procedure where the primary intention is to achieve what the patient perceives to be a more desirable appearance and where the procedure involves changes to bodily features that have a normal appearance on presentation to the doctor. In contrast, surgery performed with the goal of achieving a normal appearance, where bodily features have an abnormal appearance on presentation due to congenital defects, developmental abnormalities, trauma, infections, tumours or disease does not fall under the definition of cosmetic surgery.  It is a given that “normal appearance” is a subjective notion.  Determining whether patients have a normal or abnormal appearance on presentation will rely on the clinical assessment of the treating doctor.

scholarly journals Nærvær - forsøg på en nem definition af leg

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørn Møller
Keyword(s):  
Phenomenological Anthropology ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Simple Definition

En fænomenologisk og antropologisk analyse af legen som et universelt, eksistentielt rum for mennesket.Presence – An attempt at an easy definition of playIn this article a simple definition of play has been attempted within the framework of phenomenological anthropology. When the process is seen as more serious than the result, we play. When, on the contrary, the result is the more important, we work. To express it in simple formulas in which P is process and R, result:P/R > 1 = Play P/R < 1 = WorkThe definition is discussed in relation to a number of approsing rations which normally provoke reflexive efforts: play vs. seriousness; play vs. labour; play vs. reality; play vs. war; play vs. sport; play vs. ritual; play as symbol and metaphor.Further, the phenomenological concept of play is contrasted to the pedagogical concept, in an analysis of the instrumental use of play vs. play as a meaningful practise in itself.Finally, reference is made to W.H. Auden’s view of the aesthetic process as a dual act involving sin and the search for redemption.

Of 'Medals and Muddles' the context of the discovery of Thallium: William Crookes's early spectro-chemical work

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-90 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Process ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Historical Event ◽  
Pure Element ◽  
Chemical Work ◽  
Complex Series ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Elemental Nature ◽  
Individual Choices ◽  
Agreed Definition

It might be supposed that the discovery of a chemical element was a reason ably straightforward historical event which could be described in a few pages. Indeed in his biography of William Crookes (1), E. E. F. D ’Albe describes Crookes’s 1861 discovery o f thallium in just under six pages (2). Yet if we simply consider the science which was involved in Crookes’s work on thallium a complex series of events emerge. The presence of thallium had first to be detected, next a chemical process was undertaken to verify its elemental nature and finally a quantity of the pure element had to be isolated. In the 1860s there was no generally agreed definition of what constituted the discovery of a chemical element — detection, verification or isolation. But in the case of thallium individuals often argued strongly for one of these definitions. Such individual choices were not arbitrary, but were directed, as we shall see, towards serving their interests. To understand their choices, therefore, we cannot simply consider only the science, when discussing the discovery of thallium, but we also have to examine and define the context in which work on thallium was conducted.

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