Scintillation detectors

2020 ◽  
pp. 499-542
Author(s):  
Hermann Kolanoski ◽  
Norbert Wermes
Keyword(s):  
Time Dependence ◽  
Light Yield ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Scintillation Detectors ◽  
Scintillation Light ◽  
Photon Detectors ◽  
Application Field ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Organic Scintillators

The detection of scintillation light, which is generated when an ionising particle passes certain media or when radiation is absorbed, belongs to the oldest detection techniques. Scintillation detectors are read out electronically by employing the photon detectors described in a previous chapter. Scintillators are either made of organic or of inorganic materials (crystals) with essential differences of their properties and application field. For both scintillation mechanisms, the light yield and the time dependence of the signals are explained and the specific application areas pointed out. Typical assemblies of scintillation detectors are presented which include organic scintillators as trigger and timing counters, scintillating fibres for tracking and calorimetry and inorganic crystal arrangements for calorimetry.

scholarly journals Performance of Water-Based Liquid Scintillator: An Independent Analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Beznosko ◽  
A. Batyrkhanov ◽  
A. Duspayev ◽  
A. Iakovlev ◽  
M. Yessenov
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Scintillator ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Light Yield ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Pure Liquid ◽  
Scintillation Light ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Large Water

The water-based liquid scintillator (WbLS) is a new material currently under development. It is based on the idea of dissolving the organic scintillator in water using special surfactants. This material strives to achieve the novel detection techniques by combining the Cerenkov rings and scintillation light, as well as the total cost reduction compared to pure liquid scintillator (LS). The independent light yield measurement analysis for the light yield measurements using three different proton beam energies (210 MeV, 475 MeV, and 2000 MeV) for water, two different WbLS formulations (0.4% and 0.99%), and pure LS conducted at Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, is presented. The results show that a goal of ~100 optical photons/MeV, indicated by the simulation to be an optimal light yield for observing both the Cerenkov ring and the scintillation light from the proton decay in a large water detector, has been achieved.

Szintillationslichtausbeuten anorganischer und organischer Kristalle für energiereiche Deuteronen, α-Teilchen und Elektronen

1966 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 1075-1080
Author(s):  
W. Schött ◽  
A. Flammersfeld
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Circuit ◽  
Pulse Height ◽  
Light Yield ◽  
Organic Crystals ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Scintillation Light ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Inverse Effect ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Α Particles

The scintillation light yield S of three anorganic [NaJ (Tl), KJ (Tl), CsJ (Tl)], of two organic (p-terphenyl, anthracene) crystals, and of plastic NE 102 by bombardement with deuterons in the energy range from 10,0—27,5 MeV, α-particles from 8,0—55,0 MeV, and electrons has been measured. The time constants of the electronic circuit have been chosen to τ1 = 0,5 sec and τ2 = 2,0 µsec. The pulse-height ratios SD/Sβ and Sα/Sβ are slightly different for the two time constants. The anorganic crystals have a higher pulse-height ratio for the short time constant, whereas the organic crystals and plastic show the inverse effect.

scholarly journals Proton light yield in organic scintillators using a double time-of-flight technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 045101 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Brown ◽  
B. L. Goldblum ◽  
T. A. Laplace ◽  
K. P. Harrig ◽  
L. A. Bernstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Light Yield ◽  
Organic Scintillators ◽  
Double Time

scholarly journals Inorganic, Organic, and Perovskite Halides with Nanotechnology for High–Light Yield X- and γ-ray Scintillators

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Maddalena ◽  
Liliana Tjahjana ◽  
Aozhen Xie ◽  
Arramel ◽  
Shuwen Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Energy Physics ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Light Yield ◽  
Fast Response ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Light ◽  
Scintillation Light ◽  
High Light Yield ◽  
Halide Perovskites ◽  
Lead Halide

Trends in scintillators that are used in many applications, such as medical imaging, security, oil-logging, high energy physics and non-destructive inspections are reviewed. First, we address traditional inorganic and organic scintillators with respect of limitation in the scintillation light yields and lifetimes. The combination of high–light yield and fast response can be found in Ce 3 + , Pr 3 + and Nd 3 + lanthanide-doped scintillators while the maximum light yield conversion of 100,000 photons/MeV can be found in Eu 3 + doped SrI 2 . However, the fabrication of those lanthanide-doped scintillators is inefficient and expensive as it requires high-temperature furnaces. A self-grown single crystal using solution processes is already introduced in perovskite photovoltaic technology and it can be the key for low-cost scintillators. A novel class of materials in scintillation includes lead halide perovskites. These materials were explored decades ago due to the large X-ray absorption cross section. However, lately lead halide perovskites have become a focus of interest due to recently reported very high photoluminescence quantum yield and light yield conversion at low temperatures. In principle, 150,000–300,000 photons/MeV light yields can be proportional to the small energy bandgap of these materials, which is below 2 eV. Finally, we discuss the extraction efficiency improvements through the fabrication of the nanostructure in scintillators, which can be implemented in perovskite materials. The recent technology involving quantum dots and nanocrystals may also improve light conversion in perovskite scintillators.

scholarly journals Carbon light yield of EJ 309 and EJ 204 organic scintillators.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibault Laplace ◽  
Bethany Goldblum ◽  
Joshua Brown ◽  
Juan Manfredi ◽  
Erik Brubaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Yield ◽  
Organic Scintillators
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