When in Rome Think Like a Roman

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley M. Votruba ◽  
Virginia S. Y. Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Dialectical Thinking ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Anticipate Change ◽  
Linear Continuity ◽  
Cultural Cues

As a result of increasing globalization, people are exposed to an even greater extent to other cultures, making it possible for individuals to assimilate mindsets that are typical of another culture. Recent work on extracultural cognition has shown that immediate cultural contexts exert powerful influences on cognition and behavioral patterns. This chapter reviews empirical support for extracultural cognition. Specifically, the chapter focuses on dialectical thinking and the well-established finding in the cultural literature that Westerners tend to anticipate linear continuity in the environment and East Asians anticipate change in existing patterns. Research shows, though, that cultural cues may shift these tendencies and—at least temporarily—alter cognitive mindsets to reflect the cognitions of another culture. After a review of the literature, the chapter addresses the implications of extracultural cognition for understanding the influence of dialectical thinking on judgment and decision-making.

The Empirical Case for Acquiescing to Intuition

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1807-1820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Walco ◽  
Jane L. Risen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Judgment And Decision Making ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Ratio Bias ◽  
The World ◽  
Football Coaching ◽  
Do So

Will people follow their intuition even when they explicitly recognize that it is irrational to do so? Dual-process models of judgment and decision making are often based on the assumption that the correction of errors necessarily follows the detection of errors. But this assumption does not always hold. People can explicitly recognize that their intuitive judgment is wrong but nevertheless maintain it, a phenomenon known as acquiescence. Although anecdotes and experimental studies suggest that acquiescence occurs, the empirical case for acquiescence has not been definitively established. In four studies—using the ratio-bias paradigm, a lottery exchange game, blackjack, and a football coaching decision—we tested acquiescence using recently established criteria. We provide clear empirical support for acquiescence: People can have a faulty intuitive belief about the world (Criterion 1), acknowledge the belief is irrational (Criterion 2), but follow their intuition nonetheless (Criterion 3)—even at a cost.

Dialectical Thinking and Its Influence in the World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonha Park ◽  
Susumu Yamaguchi ◽  
Takafumi Sawaumi ◽  
Hiroaki Morio
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
The Self ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Dialectical Thinking ◽  
The World ◽  
Personal Attitudes ◽  
Cognitive Mode

It is often assumed that East Asians, compared with Westerners, try to reshape their personal attitudes and expectations to fit the environment rather than attempting to influence realities. A recent review of the literature revises this idea by suggesting that East Asians, just like Westerners, do attempt to influence existing realities, but via subtly different routes: East Asians employ indirect strategies, seek support from influential others, or take a long-term approach to changing the world via self-improvement. This chapter discusses East Asians’ tendency to employ various tactics in association with dialecticism, and their default cognitive mode of understanding the self, others, and the environment as changeable, connected, and contradictory. Along with collectivist and interdependent cultural characteristics, dialecticism may have additive or interactive effects on control experiences and psychological functioning in East Asia.

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