Coffee Mocha

2019 ◽  
pp. 239-268
Author(s):  
Chhaya Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Significant Volume ◽  
Commodity Trading ◽  
Single Commodity ◽  
Volume Of Trade

The second half of the eighteenth century, witnessed a boom in the trade in coffee in Mocha and Muscat. The Kachchhis traders of Mandvi and Surat based traders were central to this trade. The shifts and circumstances of the eighteenth century disturbed the control and Surat was forced to lose the premier position in coffee supply. The considerable coffee trade was diverted to Muscat in the eighteenth century. Concurrently, the Sultans were running into political expansion and risked considerable resources. Kachchhi merchants in Muscat were stressed to contribute. This necessitated the fortune making enterprise through the lucrative commodity trading. The opportunity to import Mocha coffee and re-export them to destinations in the neighbourhood of Oman was, thus, the outcome. This chapter takes us to the understanding that how the circulation of a single commodity empowered the transregional trade routes not only with the significant volume of trade but also facilitated the flow of specie and profit through various channels.

scholarly journals Medicinal Mercury in Early Modern Portuguese Records: Recipes and Methods from Eighteenth-Century Medical Guidebooks

2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Walker
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Asian Medicine ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract This chapter will present and explicate rare information regarding circumstances and techniques for the application of medicinal mercury in the Portuguese medical context during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Through the use of Portuguese medical texts (including translated excerpts), the chapter will provide insight into how early modern Portuguese practitioners processed and employed mercury to treat various ailments. Of interest, too, will be that these remedies were developed at several disparate locations throughout the Portuguese imperial world (China, India, Angola, Brazil, and Portugal), and often drew upon, and blended, indigenous medical substances from the region where each remedy originated. Regarding the use of mercury in South Asian medicine, medical scholars have noted that, from the sixteenth century onwards, much of the intra-Asian (and global) mercury trade was conducted through Portuguese merchants and agents. This work asserts that Portuguese merchants and shippers had unique access both to mercury at the commodity’s main sources in Spain and Peru (Almadén and Huancavelica, respectively), but also to established, developed colonial trade routes throughout the eastern hemisphere. Most of the information presented here is excerpted from two little-known eighteenth-century Portuguese primary sources: a Jesuit compilation medical and apothecary guide in manuscript, and a published physician’s treatise regarding fevers and other illnesses encountered during a posting of nearly a decade in Angola.

The Unprinted Indigenous Arabic Literature of Northern Nigeria

1943 ◽  
Vol 75 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. J. Whitting
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Original Compositions ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Literary Education ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Classical Arabic

It is uncertain when Islam began to penetrate the “western Sudan”: for a review of the evidence, reference may be made to the earlier chapters of Bovill's Caravans of the old Sahara. That the age-old north to south and west to east trade routes (carrying outwards gold and slaves, inwards cloth and manufactured articles, internally dates and salt as the main articles of commerce), provided the vehicle can be in little doubt, as also that, by the fourth century a.h. if not earlier, appreciable Moslem influence had begun to work in the area shown on modern maps as northern Nigeria. In this area Arabic is not a tongue spoken, save in dialect by the numerically insignificant tribe of Shuwas in the northeast. But with the spread and pre-eminence at first cultural and later political of Islam, written “classical” Arabic, which provided the only means of a literary education became the medium of diplomacy, commerce, and correspondence. This position it maintained until a few years ago, suggesting a parallel to the use of Latin in medieval Western Europe. Yet, so far as is known, although original works were produced farther north in the Sahara proper, until the “reforming” Fulani jihad at the end of the eighteenth century a.d. (active operations began 21.2.1804), few original compositions in Arabic emerged. The stimulus of this jihad appears, among other results, to have evoked the nucleus of an original indigenous Arabic literature, none of which has been printed or translated, save a few historical documents.

The British Agency Houses in Malaysia: Survival in a Changing World

1981 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Drabble ◽  
P. J. Drake
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Worldwide Network ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City ◽  
India And China

One of the most interesting features of the growth of Britain's overseas commerce over the past two centuries has been the merchant firm, often the product of very small-scale beginnings but gradually developing into a worldwide network centring on London. The scope for such enterprises grew as effective naval control increased the security of the maritime trade routes and the importance of the great chartered companies declined. Much of the early growth came from the “country trade” between India and China in which private merchants were permitted to engage. In the late eighteenth century, commercial firms in the City of London began to open branches in India to deal in local products such as indigo, cotton and, later, opium. By the early nineteenth century, around two dozen of these “agency houses” were in existence though the majority were very small and short-lived. 1 In the same period, the more substantial firms were establishing further offshoots in Canton to participate in the tea and silk trade in Europe.

scholarly journals The Makassar Malays: Adaptation and Identity, c. 1660-1790

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Social Alliances ◽  
Ethnic Classification

Extensive trade networks and Islam shaped Malay identity. The Dutch conquest of Makassar (1666-69) compelled the Malays there to redefine themselves, mastering new trade routes, political arenas and social alliances. During the eighteenth century they both evaded and exploited ethnic classification, as their enforced focus on regional commerce and integration into port society encouraged localisation.

The Portuguese Slave Trade From Angola in the Eighteenth Century

1972 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 894-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert S. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Atlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Recently the Atlantic slave trade has received scholarly attention through the work of European and American historians. Account books of European merchants engaged in the slave trade, studies of the exports of given continental ports, and analyses of special trade routes have all led to a greater understanding of the dynamics of the trade. Also, the important work of Philip Curtin on the volume and direction of the entire Atlantic slave trade has finally provided us with the rough parameters of the trade in terms of total numbers.

scholarly journals Lemurs before lemur : depictions of captive lemurs prior to Linnaeus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan S. Rogers ◽  
Stephanie L. Canington
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Historical Documents ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Empire Building ◽  
Carl Von Linné ◽  
Early Human

In 1758, Carl von Linné (Linnaeus) published the tenth edition of Systema Naturae , in which he formally described the most unique group of primates: lemurs. The story of the early human-mediated dispersal of lemurs from Madagascar, prior to their formalized descriptions, is a complex one. It touches on the birth of the standardization of modern zoology, empire building, and the growth of international trade and commerce, with many Fellows of the Royal Society contributing to the earliest observations of these animals in captive settings. Through the use of historical documents and artwork, we present this history in four parts: ‘Part I: The lemurs that became ‘lemurs’ (1746–1756)’, discusses the specific lemurs that Linnaeus used to describe the genera in the tenth and twelfth editions of Systema Naturae ; ‘Part II: Establishing the trade routes (1500–1662)’, examines seventeenth century captive lemurs and the role of the trade routes of the East India Companies in the transportation of lemurs from Madagascar; ‘Part III: Tracing the Bugée (1693–1732)’, reviews the lemurs identified by late seventeenth and early eighteenth century pre-Linnaean naturalists; and ‘Part IV: The chained lemur (1732–1761)’, concludes with eighteenth century lemurs in menageries and as luxury goods.

The Ashanti Question and the British: Eighteenth-Century Origins

1961 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Priestley
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Inland Empire ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Gradual Expansion

One of the major developments in West Africa since the later seventeenth century has been the emergence of the powerful inland Empire of Ashanti and its gradual expansion towards the coast. This process ultimately brought the Ashantis into contact with the Fantes, the conquest of whom was necessary if the Empire was to extend to the sea. Their relationship, therefore, forms a central theme in the history of the Gold Coast in modern times. But problems were created by it which extended far outside the bounds of native politics. The existence on the coast of European trading settlements in close rivalry with each other meant that any serious local upheaval was bound to have wide repercussions. For economic reasons, Europeans could not remain indifferent to changes in the balance of power which would affect trade routes from the interior to the forts and, in particular, the future of the Fante states whose people, by the eighteenth century, had long acted as middlemen in the slave trade.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document