Humans and the Environment

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Environmental Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The environment has always been a central concept for archaeologists and, although it has been conceived in many ways, its role in archaeological explanation has fluctuated from a mere backdrop to human action, to a primary factor in the understanding of society and social change. Archaeology also has a unique position as its base of interest places it temporally between geological and ethnographic timescales, spatially between global and local dimensions, and epistemologically between empirical studies of environmental change and more heuristic studies of cultural practice. Drawing on data from across the globe at a variety of temporal and spatial scales, this volume resituates the way in which archaeologists use and apply the concept of the environment. Each chapter critically explores the potential for archaeological data and practice to contribute to modern environmental issues, including problems of climate change and environmental degradation. Overall the volume covers four basic themes: archaeological approaches to the way in which both scientists and locals conceive of the relationship between humans and their environment, applied environmental archaeology, the archaeology of disaster, and new interdisciplinary directions.The volume will be of interest to students and established archaeologists, as well as practitioners from a range of applied disciplines.

Environment in North American and European Archaeology

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew I. J. Davies
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Environment Change ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Concepts ◽  
Global And Local

Environment has always been a central concept for Western archaeologists, although it has been conceived in many ways and its role in archaeological explanation has fluctuated from a mere backdrop to human action to a primary factor in the understanding of society and social change. Archaeology also has something of a unique position, for its base of interest positions it temporally between geological and ethnographic timescales, spatially between global and local dimensions, and epistemologically between empirical studies of environment change and more heuristic studies of cultural practice (See Crumley, Chapter 17 and Gosden, Chapter 18 in this volume; see also McIntosh et al. 2000; van der Leeuw and Redman 2002). Archaeology should therefore take on a prominent role when it comes to discussion of long-term human–environment interactions up to the present; however, archaeologists have not always been successful in promoting their data or consolidating a clear approach (Fisher and Feinman 2005; Mitchell 2008). As a point of departure, this introductory chapter aims to trace some of the fluctuating conceptions and applications of ‘environment’ within North American and European archaeology, with a particular emphasis on new trends and fruitful points of intersection between seemingly diverse paradigms. The history of concepts of the environment could take up a whole volume of its own and so this chapter is necessarily partial; however, I hope that it will raise a number of points of interest that can be explored further through the references given. The geographical range is also limited to broadly North American and European (especially British) archaeology. In the following chapter Olena Smyntyna will discuss the concept of environment in Soviet and post-Soviet archaeology, while it is hoped that future scholars may fruitfully write the history of such issues in other regional traditions. The chapter is split into three parts. The first deals with diverse ways in which ‘environment’ has been conceived or defined in Western thought, particularly within archaeology.

Crustacean zooplankton species richness: single- and multiple-year estimates

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1573-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley E Arnott ◽  
John J Magnuson ◽  
Norman D Yan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Crustacean Zooplankton ◽  
Zooplankton Species ◽  
Asymptotic Approach ◽  
Sampling Programme ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Shield Lakes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Temporal Extent

Richness estimates are dependent on the spatial and temporal extent of the sampling programme and the method used to predict richness. We assessed crustacean zooplankton richness in eight Canadian Shield lakes at different temporal and spatial scales using three methods of estimation: cumulative, asymptotic, and Chao's index. Percent species detected increased with the number of spatial, intraannual, or interannual samples taken. Single samples detected 50% of the annual species pool and 33% of the total estimated species pool. This suggests that previous estimates of zooplankton richness, based on single samples in individual lakes, are too low. Our richness estimates for individual lakes approach the total number of zooplankton found in some regions of Canada, suggesting that each lake has most taxa at some time, the majority being very rare. Single-year richness estimates provided poor predictions of multiple-year richness. The relationship between richness and environmental variables was dependent on the method of estimation and the number of samples used. We conclude that richness should be treated as an "index" rather than an absolute and sampling efforts should be standardized. We recommend an asymptotic approach to estimate zooplankton richness because the number of samples taken influenced it less.

scholarly journals Subsistence, Environment and Mesolithic Landscape Archaeology

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 493-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

Since the 1970s, research into Mesolithic landscapes has been heavily influenced by economic models of human activity where patterns of settlement and mobility result from the relationship between subsistence practices and the environment. However, in reconstructing these patterns we have tended to generalize both the modes of subsistence and the temporal and spatial variability of the environment, and ignored the role that cultural practices played in the way subsistence tasks were organized. While more recent research has emphasized the importance that cultural practices played in the way landscapes were perceived and understood, these have tended to underplay the role of subsistence and have continued to consider the environment in a very generalized manner. This paper argues that we can only develop detailed accounts of Mesolithic landscapes by looking at the specific forms of subsistence practice and the complex relationships they created with the environment. It will also show that the inhabitation of Mesolithic landscapes was structured around cultural attitudes to particular places and to the environment, and that this can be seen archaeologically through practices of deposition and recursive patterns of occupation at certain sites.

scholarly journals Origin of quiet-Sun magnetic fields revealed with Hinode

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (S294) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Ryohko Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Quiet Sun ◽  
Convective Motions ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractQuiet-Sun magnetic fields are enigmatic in terms of their properties, and their origin is not well understood. One likely possibility is that they are a consequence of interactions with turbulent convective motions of various temporal and spatial scales. Here we investigate the relationship between small-scale magnetic fields and various convection flows. We demonstrate that in addition to granulation and supergranulation, mesogranulation also plays an important role in structuring quiet-Sun magnetic fields. We also study the vector magnetic fields in the quiet Sun, and propose that emerging granular-scale bipolar loops are major sources of the quiet-Sun magnetic fields.

Consideration of Sustainability in Projects and Project Management

2013 ◽  
pp. 903-924
Author(s):  
Gilbert Silvius ◽  
Ron Schipper ◽  
Snezana Nedeski
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The relevance of integrating the concepts of sustainability into project management shows from the growing number of studies on this topic. These studies approach the topic mostly from a conceptual, logical, or moral point of view. Given the fact that the relationship between sustainability and project management is still an emerging field of study, these approaches make sense. However, they do not diminish the need for more empirical studies to understand how the concepts of sustainable development are implemented in practice. This chapter reports an analysis of 56 case studies on the integration of the concepts of sustainability in the way organizations initiate, develop, and manage projects. The research question of the study was: To what extent do organizations consider the concepts of sustainability in the initiation, development, and management of projects? The study found an overall average level of sustainability consideration in the actual situation of 25.9%. For the desired situation, this score is almost 10 percent higher, showing an ambition to take sustainability more into consideration. The study also showed that the way sustainability currently is considered in projects should be categorized as the traditional “making things less bad” approach to sustainability integration and not as a more modern “how can we contribute to making things good” approach. However, the scores of the desired situation indicate that the modern approach to corporate responsibility is certainly the ambition of the participating organizations.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Land Use and Climate Change: A Case Study of Nepal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pawan Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Land Use Impacts ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Relationship

Land Use and Climate change are interrelated to each other. This change influences one another at various temporal and spatial scales; however, improper land uses are the primary causal factor on climate change. It studies relevant literature and Nepal’s case to assess the relationship between land use and climate change. Similarly focuses on how land-use impacts climate change and vice versa. In recent centuries land-use change significant effects on ecological variables and climate change. Likewise, understanding the research on both topics will help decision-makers and conservation planners manage land and climate.

Consideration of Sustainability in Projects and Project Management

2013 ◽  
pp. 212-233
Author(s):  
Gilbert Silvius ◽  
Ron Schipper ◽  
Snezana Nedeski
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
Development And Management ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The relevance of integrating the concepts of sustainability into project management shows from the growing number of studies on this topic. These studies approach the topic mostly from a conceptual, logical, or moral point of view. Given the fact that the relationship between sustainability and project management is still an emerging field of study, these approaches make sense. However, they do not diminish the need for more empirical studies to understand how the concepts of sustainable development are implemented in practice. This chapter reports an analysis of 56 case studies on the integration of the concepts of sustainability in the way organizations initiate, develop, and manage projects. The research question of the study was: To what extent do organizations consider the concepts of sustainability in the initiation, development, and management of projects? The study found an overall average level of sustainability consideration in the actual situation of 25.9%. For the desired situation, this score is almost 10 percent higher, showing an ambition to take sustainability more into consideration. The study also showed that the way sustainability currently is considered in projects should be categorized as the traditional “making things less bad” approach to sustainability integration and not as a more modern “how can we contribute to making things good” approach. However, the scores of the desired situation indicate that the modern approach to corporate responsibility is certainly the ambition of the participating organizations.

The Type of Temperament, Mood, and Strategies of Categorization

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agata Wytykowska
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Processing Capacity ◽  
Affective Value ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

In Strelau’s theory of temperament (RTT), there are four types of temperament, differentiated according to low vs. high stimulation processing capacity and to the level of their internal harmonization. The type of temperament is considered harmonized when the constellation of all temperamental traits is internally matched to the need for stimulation, which is related to effectiveness of stimulation processing. In nonharmonized temperamental structure, an internal mismatch is observed which is linked to ineffectiveness of stimulation processing. The three studies presented here investigated the relationship between temperamental structures and the strategies of categorization. Results revealed that subjects with harmonized structures efficiently control the level of stimulation stemming from the cognitive activity, independent of the affective value of situation. The pattern of results attained for subjects with nonharmonized structures was more ambiguous: They were as good as subjects with harmonized structures at adjusting the way of information processing to their stimulation processing capacities, but they also proved to be more responsive to the affective character of stimulation (positive or negative mood).

Understanding prescription in language. A corpus-based approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-81
Author(s):  
Douglas A. Kibbee ◽  
Alan Craig
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
French Tradition ◽  
Linguistic Behavior ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

We define prescription as any intervention in the way another person speaks. Long excluded from linguistics as unscientific, prescription is in fact a natural part of linguistic behavior. We seek to understand the logic and method of prescriptivism through the study of usage manuals: their authors, sources and audience; their social context; the categories of “errors” targeted; the justification for correction; the phrasing of prescription; the relationship between demonstrated usage and the usage prescribed; the effect of the prescription. Our corpus is a collection of about 30 usage manuals in the French tradition. Eventually we hope to create a database permitting easy comparison of these features.

Memories for the Return? Remembering the Nakba by the First Generation of Palestinian Refugees in Syria

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anaheed Al-Hardan
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Palestinian Refugees ◽  
Oslo Accords ◽  
Right Of Return ◽  
Palestinian Refugee ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Right ◽  
Political Realities ◽  
The Way

The 1948 Nakba has, in light of the 1993 Oslo Accords and Palestinian refugee activists' mobilisation around the right of return, taken on a new-found centrality and importance in Palestinian refugee communities. Closely-related to this, members of the ‘Generation of Palestine’, the only individuals who can recollect Nakba memories, have come to be seen as the guardians of memories that are eventually to reclaim the homeland. These historical, social and political realities are deeply rooted in the ways in which the few remaining members of the generation of Palestine recollect 1948. Moreover, as members of communities that were destroyed in Palestine, and whose common and temporal and spatial frameworks were non-linearly constituted anew in Syria, one of the multiples meanings of the Nakba today can be found in the way the refugee communities perceive and define this generation.

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