From Feeling Good to Doing Good

2019 ◽  
pp. 595-611
Author(s):  
Gabriele Oettingen ◽  
Peter M. Gollwitzer
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Depressive Affect ◽  
Mental Contrasting ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
Sense Of Reality ◽  
Over Time

Indulging in positive fantasies about a desired future helps people feel accomplished and happy. At the same time, it hurts people with implementing the wished-for future. It leads to low energy, low effort, and little success. Indulging in positive future fantasies also predicts high depressive affect over time, partially mediated by low effort and little success. However, when juxtaposing the positive future fantasies with a clear sense of reality (mental contrasting), people understand what they want and can achieve, and take the necessary steps to fulfill their wishes. People are particularly effective in fulfilling their wishes when they combine mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII). The chapter concludes by suggesting that MCII may also be used to snap out of excessively positive affective states.

scholarly journals MORPHODYNAMICS OF SANDY BEACHES IN LOW ENERGY, NON-TIDAL ENVIRONMENTS

2020 ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Anne Ton ◽  
Vincent Vuik ◽  
Rinse Wilmink ◽  
Stefan Aarninkhof
Keyword(s):  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Flood Risk Reduction ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Over Time

Sandy foreshores play an important role in flood risk reduction in areas near seacoasts, estuaries and lakes. The morphodynamics of sandy foreshores or beaches in lakes, known as low-energy, non-tidal environments, have not been studied as extensively as open coasts. The goal of this research is to understand the relation between hydrodynamics and morphology on sandy lake beaches. At our four study sites, a sub aqueous horizontal platform evolved of which the elevation stabilizes over time. We conclude that the eventual elevation of these platforms is located at the depth of closure. Recorded Presentation from the vICCE (YouTube Link): https://youtu.be/7TbmH3hXnDE

scholarly journals Personal Identity: The Simple and Complex Views Revisited

Disputatio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (52) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Harold Noonan
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Clear Sense ◽  
Reasonable Possibility ◽  
Time Fall ◽  
Recent Account ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

Abstract Eric Olson has argued, startlingly, that no coherent account can be giv- en of the distinction made in the personal identity literature between ‘complex views’ and ‘simple views’. ‘We tell our students,’ he writes, ‘that accounts of personal identity over time fall into [these] two broad categories’. But ‘it is impossible to characterize this distinction in any satisfactory way. The debate has been systematically misdescribed’. I argue, first, that, for all Olson has said, a recent account by Noonan provides the coherent characterization he claims impossible. If so we have not been wrong all along in the way he says in what we have been telling our students. I then give an account of the distinction between the reductionist and non-reductionist positions which makes it differ- ent from the complex/simple distinction. The aim is to make clear sense of the notion of a not simple but non-reductionist position — which seems an eminently reasonable possibility and something it may also be useful to tell our students about.

scholarly journals Mitigating the squash effect: sloths breathe easily upside down

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 20140172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca N. Cliffe ◽  
Judy A. Avey-Arroyo ◽  
Francisco J. Arroyo ◽  
Mark D. Holton ◽  
Rory P. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energetic Costs ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Orientation Data ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Abdominal Organs ◽  
Bradypus Variegatus ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Low Energy Diet

Sloths are mammals renowned for spending a large proportion of time hanging inverted. In this position, the weight of the abdominal contents is expected to act on the lungs and increase the energetic costs of inspiration. Here, we show that three-fingered sloths Bradypus variegatus possess unique fibrinous adhesions that anchor the abdominal organs, particularly the liver and glandular stomach, to the lower ribs. The key locations of these adhesions, close to the diaphragm, prevent the weight of the abdominal contents from acting on the lungs when the sloth is inverted. Using ventilation rate and body orientation data collected from captive and wild sloths, we use an energetics-based model to estimate that these small adhesions could reduce the energy expenditure of a sloth at any time it is fully inverted by almost 13%. Given body angle preferences for individual sloths in our study over time, this equates to mean energy saving of 0.8–1.5% across individuals (with individual values ranging between 0.01 and 8.6%) per day. Given the sloth's reduced metabolic rate compared with other mammals and extremely low energy diet, these seemingly innocuous adhesions are likely to be important in the animal's energy budget and survival.

When planning is not enough: Fighting unhealthy snacking habits by mental contrasting with implementation intentions (MCII)

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 1277-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke A. Adriaanse ◽  
Gabriele Oettingen ◽  
Peter M. Gollwitzer ◽  
Erin P. Hennes ◽  
Denise T. D. de Ridder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Mental Contrasting

Goal Attainment

2019 ◽  
pp. 245-268
Author(s):  
Peter M. Gollwitzer ◽  
Gabriele Oettingen
Keyword(s):  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
The Self ◽  
Mental Contrasting ◽  
History Of ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Underlying Processes

This chapter begins with a description of how the goal concept emerged in the history of the psychology of motivation to better understand the important role it plays in current research on motivation. The chapter then turns to the self-regulation of goal pursuit. The effects and underlying processes of two different self-regulation strategies will be discussed in detail: mental contrasting and forming implementation intentions. The chapter concludes with a report of the results of recent intervention studies that combine the self-regulation strategies of mental contrasting and forming implementation intentions to help people enhance goal attainment in the health, academic, and interpersonal domains.

scholarly journals Mental Contrasting With Implementation Intentions Reduces Drinking When Drinking Is Hazardous: An Online Self-Regulation Intervention

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 666-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Wittleder ◽  
Andreas Kappes ◽  
Gabriele Oettingen ◽  
Peter M. Gollwitzer ◽  
Melanie Jay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Readiness To Change ◽  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Online Intervention ◽  
Hazardous Drinking ◽  
Hazardous Alcohol Use ◽  
Mental Contrasting ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Hazardous Alcohol ◽  
The Cost

Introduction. Drinking alcohol has detrimental health consequences, and effective interventions to reduce hazardous drinking are needed. The self-regulation intervention of Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) promotes behavior change across a variety of health behaviors. In this study, we tested if online delivery of MCII reduced hazardous drinking in people who were worried about their drinking. Method. Participants ( N = 200, female = 107) were recruited online. They were randomized to learn MCII or solve simple math problems (control). Results. Immediately after the intervention, participants in the MCII condition (vs. control) reported an increased commitment to reduce drinking. After 1 month, they reported having taken action measured by the Readiness to Change drinking scale. When drinking was hazardous (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test ≥ 8, n = 85), participants in the MCII condition indicated a decreased number of drinking days, exp(β) = 0.47, CI (confidence interval) [−1.322, −.207], p = .02, and drinks per week, exp(β) = 0.57, CI [0.94, 5.514], p = .007, compared with the control condition. Discussion. These findings demonstrate that a brief, self-guided online intervention ( Mdn = 28 minutes) can reduce drinking in people who worry about their drinking. Our findings show a higher impact in people at risk for hazardous drinking. Conclusion. MCII is scalable as an online intervention. Future studies should test the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in real-world settings.

Prevalence and Predictors of Physically Self-Destructive Acts over Time

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-98
Author(s):  
Mary C. Zanarini
Keyword(s):  
Major Depression ◽  
Help Seeking ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Self Mutilation ◽  
Suicide Threats ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Over Time

Self-mutilation and help-seeking suicide threats and attempts are among the few almost pathognomonic symptoms of BPD. This chapter assesses predictors of self-harm and reasons for self-harm over time. It also assesses predictors of suicide threats and attempts over the years of prospective follow-up. Each outcome has a different set of multivariate predictors, but some appear in several multivariate models. More specifically, sexual adversity in childhood and adulthood, major depression, and severity of dissociation are predictors of self-mutilation; and sexual adversity in adulthood, major depression, and severity of dissociation are predictors of suicide attempts. However, these factors do not play a role in predicting suicide threats. Instead, two dysphoric affective states and two outmoded interpersonal survival strategies are the best set of predictors of suicide threats.

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