The Benedictines

The Oxford Handbook of Christian Monasticism ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689736.013.3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 217-231

Author(s):

Scott G. Bruce

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Historical Development ◽

Rich Diversity ◽

Medieval Europe ◽

History Of ◽

Rule Of Benedict ◽

The Rich ◽

The Middle Ages

This chapter examines the history of the word ‘Benedictine’ in the Middle Ages. Although it is currently employed by scholars to describe cloistered communities loyal to the tenets of the Rule of Benedict, the term ‘Benedictine’ was not used in medieval Europe. Moreover, its use in contemporary discourse threatens to obscure the rich diversity and historical development of monastic practice in the Middle Ages, because it implies that all monks read and interpreted Benedict’s rule in the same way. After providing an introduction to the Rule of Benedict and its author, the chapter examines the varieties of monastic expression in medieval Europe, and it highlights neglected areas of research in the premodern Benedictine tradition.

Download Full-text

Segregation or Choice?

The Chosen Few ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691144870.003.0009 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Maristella Botticini ◽

Zvi Eckstein

Keyword(s):

Economic Theory ◽

Iberian Peninsula ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Western Europe ◽

Alternative Explanation ◽

Historical Information ◽

Medieval Europe ◽

History Of ◽

Salient Features ◽

The Middle Ages

This chapter assesses the argument that both their exclusion from craft and merchant guilds and usury bans on Christians segregated European Jews into moneylending during the Middle Ages. Already during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, moneylending was the occupation par excellence of the Jews in England, France, and Germany and one of the main professions of the Jews in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and other locations in western Europe. Based on the historical information and the economic theory presented in earlier chapters, the chapter advances an alternative explanation that is consistent with the salient features that mark the history of the Jews: the Jews in medieval Europe voluntarily entered and later specialized in moneylending because they had the key assets for being successful players in credit markets—capital, networking, literacy and numeracy, and contract-enforcement institutions.

Download Full-text

Eropa Berdasarkan Tiga Novel Umberto Eco: Pembelajaran Sejarah Bagi Pembaca Indonesia

ATAVISME ◽

10.24257/atavisme.v16i1.105.27-41 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 27-41

Author(s):

Dian Swandayani ◽

Imam Santoso ◽

Ari Nurhayati ◽

Nurhadi Nurhadi

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

European History ◽

Umberto Eco ◽

Learning History ◽

Medieval Europe ◽

History Of ◽

History Of Europe ◽

The Rose ◽

Foucault’S Pendulum ◽

The Middle Ages

Tiga novel Umberto Eco, The Name of The Rose, Baudolino, dan Foucault’s Pendulum, dengan lingkup latar masing-masing yang dikisahkannya, membantu pembaca Indonesia guna lebih mengenal kondisi Eropa, khususnya kondisi Eropa pada abad pertengahan, suatu rentang waktu dalam sejarah Eropa yang panjang dengan berbagai peristiwa historis lainnya. Meskipun berupa novel, informasi faktual yang disampaikan lewat ketiga novel tersebut dapat memperkaya wawasan pembaca guna mengetahui situasi Eropa pada masa abad pertengahan, meliputi rentangan teritorial yang melampaui kawasan Eropa sekarang, bahkan juga mengisahkan suatu kelompok sosial yang memegang peran penting dalam perjalanan sejarah Eropa. Novel‐novel Eco tampaknya tidak mudah dipahami oleh pembaca Indonesia, apalagi tentang detail yang dipaparkan mengenai sejarah Eropa abad pertengahan, terkait dengan detail situs-‐situs geografis dan tokoh-tokoh utama yang menjadi titik penting dalam perjalanan sejarah Eropa. Meskipun demikian, hal ini bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai wahana pembelajaran sejarah, khususnya sejarah Eropa abad pertengahan. Abstract: Umberto Eco’s novels, The Name of The Rose, Baudolino, and Foucault’s Pendulum, with each specific setting, can help Indonesian readers to understand Europe, particularly in the Middle Ages, a long period in the European history which has various other historical events. Although the works are imaginary, the factual information in the novels can enrich the readers’ knowledge about the situation of Europe in the period of time, including the territorial extent which exceeded the present European territory. The works, in fact, tell aboutthe social group which played significant roles in the history of Europe. For Indonesian readers, it is not easy to understand the novels, let alone the details related to the history of Europe in the Middle Ages, the geographical sites, and the important people who played significant roles in the European history. However, the novels can be used as a medium for learning history, particularly the Medieval Europe. Key Words: history of Europe; novels; setting; learning; Indonesian readers

Download Full-text

Reading the Bible through the ages?Historical and hermeneutical perspectives

STJ | Stellenbosch Theological Journal ◽

10.17570/stj.2015.v1n2.a08 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dirkie Smit

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

Middle Ages ◽

Early Church ◽

The Bible ◽

God's Word ◽

History Of ◽

Impossible Task ◽

The Rich ◽

Bible Reading ◽

The Middle Ages

In this contribution the seemingly straightforward slogan espoused by Biblica, namely, “Transforming lives through God’s Word” is complicated by placing it within the context of the rich, multi-layered and complex history of Bible-reading. Fully aware that it is an impossible task to construe the history of the reading of the Bible, offers a few broad strokes describing Biblical reception and interpretation, beginning with the complex genesis of the Bible, extending through the Early Church, the Middle Ages, The Renaissance and Reformation, the time of Enlightenment and rise of Modernity, the emergence of ecumenical hermeneutics in the 20th century, and the contemporary conflicts in hermeneutic perspectives. Throughout the essay, the question is asked – in various ways and with different responses – what “Transforming lives through God’s Word” could mean.

Download Full-text

Resistance to Tithes in the Middle Ages

The Journal of Ecclesiastical History ◽

10.1017/s0022046900068317 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 172-185 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Giles Constable

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Income Tax ◽

Modern Times ◽

The Poor ◽

Medieval Church ◽

The Reformation ◽

History Of ◽

The Rich ◽

The Middle Ages

The system of compulsory tithes in the Middle Ages has long been used by protestant and liberal historians as a stick with which to beat the medieval Church. ‘This most harassing and oppressive form of taxation’, wrote H. C. Lea in his well-known History of the Inquisition, ‘had long been the cause of incurable trouble, aggravated by the rapacity with which it was enforced, even to the pitiful collections of the gleaner’. Von Inama-Sternegg remarked on the growing hatred of tithes in the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries, especially among the small free landholders, ‘upon whom the burden of tithes must have fallen most heavily’. Gioacchino Volpe said that tithes were ‘the more hated because they oppressed the rich less than the poor, the dependents on seigneurial estates less than the small free proprietors to whose ruin they contributed…. At that time tithes were both an ecclesiastical and secular oppression, a double offence against religious sentiment and popular misery’. G. G. Coulton, writing before the introduction in England of an income tax at a rate of over ten per cent., proclaimed that before the Reformation tithes ‘constituted a land tax, income tax and death duty far more onerous than any known to modern times, and proportionately unpopular’.

Download Full-text

Magic in the Middle Ages

10.1017/9781108859721 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Richard Kieckhefer

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

New Developments ◽

Literature And Politics ◽

Beliefs And Practices ◽

Medieval Europe ◽

Science Philosophy ◽

History Of ◽

New Material ◽

Magical Beliefs ◽

The Middle Ages

How was magic practiced in medieval times? How did it relate to the diverse beliefs and practices that characterized this fascinating period? This much revised and expanded new edition of Magic in the Middle Ages surveys the growth and development of magic in medieval Europe. It takes into account the extensive new developments in the history of medieval magic in recent years, featuring new material on angel magic, the archaeology of magic, and the magical efficacy of words and imagination. Richard Kieckhefer shows how magic represents a crossroads in medieval life and culture, examining its relationship and relevance to religion, science, philosophy, art, literature, and politics. In surveying the different types of magic that were used, the kinds of people who practiced magic, and the reasoning behind their beliefs, Kieckhefer shows how magic served as a point of contact between the popular and elite classes, how the reality of magical beliefs is reflected in the fiction of medieval literature, and how the persecution of magic and witchcraft led to changes in the law.

Download Full-text

Same-sex Possibilities

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.025 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Helmut Puff

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Same Sex ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Change Of Perspective ◽

The Rich ◽

The Many ◽

The Middle Ages

This chapter considers the world of same-sex intimacy, erotic and otherwise, in the European Middle Ages. It proposes that there was a vibrant culture of same-sex interactions during this period. When, in the 1970s, researchers started to explore the history of homoeroticism in depth, they focused predominantly on prohibitions against and condemnations of sex between men and sex between women. In the meantime, new ways of reading as well as different archives have instigated a change of perspective; we are beginning to take stock of the many same-sex possibilities that existed in medieval times. This chapter retraces this shift in perspective. It also shows how, toward the end of the Middle Ages, the dissemination of the concept of sodomy among Christian believers affected the rich fabric of homosocial life and emotions.

Download Full-text

History of Foreign Literature

10.26897/978-5-9675-1823-2-2020-87 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

E. V. Gnezdilova ◽

Keyword(s):

Middle Ages ◽

Historical Development ◽

Foreign Literature ◽

Key Concepts ◽

Literary Process ◽

History Of ◽

The Middle Ages

The textbook contain the main topics on the history of foreign literature of antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, gives key concepts and terms necessary for understanding the literary process at different stages of historical development.

Download Full-text