scholarly journals Newton’s Scholium on Time, Space, Place and Motion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Rynasiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Motion ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
Absolute Time ◽  
True Motion ◽  
Absolute Motion ◽  
Time Space ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Quantity ◽  
Rotating Bucket

In the Scholium to the Definitions at the beginning of the Principia, Newton distinguishes absolute time, space, place, and motion from their relative counterparts. He argues that they are indeed ontologically distinct, in that the absolute quantity cannot be reduced to some particular category of the relative, as Descartes had attempted by defining absolute motion to be relative motion with respect to immediately ambient bodies. Newton’s rotating bucket experiment, rather than attempting to show that absolute motion exists, is one of five arguments from the properties, causes, and effects of motion. These arguments attempt to show that no such program can succeed, and thus that true motion can be adequately analyzed only by invoking immovable places, that is, the parts of absolute space.

scholarly journals When perception is stronger than physics: Perceptual similarities rather than laws of physics govern the perception of interacting objects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Pastukhov ◽  
Lisa Koßmann ◽  
Claus-Christian Carbon
Keyword(s):  
Relative Motion ◽  
Visual Stimulus ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Perceptual State ◽  
Stimulus Properties ◽  
Statistical Knowledge ◽  
Absolute Motion ◽  
Embedded Knowledge ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
The Absolute

AbstractWhen several multistable displays are viewed simultaneously, their perception is synchronized, as they tend to be in the same perceptual state. Here, we investigated the possibility that perception may reflect embedded statistical knowledge of physical interaction between objects for specific combinations of displays and layouts. We used a novel display with two ambiguously rotating gears and an ambiguous walker-on-a-ball display. Both stimuli produce a physically congruent perception when an interaction is possible (i.e., gears counterrotate, and the ball rolls under the walker’s feet). Next, we gradually manipulated the stimuli to either introduce abrupt changes to the potential physical interaction between objects or keep it constant despite changes in the visual stimulus. We characterized the data using four different models that assumed (1) independence of perception of the stimulus, (2) dependence on the stimulus’s properties, (3) dependence on physical configuration alone, and (4) an interaction between stimulus properties and a physical configuration. We observed that for the ambiguous gears, the perception was correlated with the stimulus changes rather than with the possibility of physical interaction. The perception of walker-on-a-ball was independent of the stimulus but depended instead on whether participants responded about a relative motion of two objects (perception was biased towards physically congruent motion) or the absolute motion of the walker alone (perception was independent of the rotation of the ball). None of the two experiments supported the idea of embedded knowledge of physical interaction.

scholarly journals Fundamental Invalidity of all Michelson-Morley Type Experiments

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gurcharn S. Sandhu
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Points ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Flight Time ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Light Speed ◽  
Absolute Motion ◽  
Null Result ◽  
The Absolute

<p class="1Body">The null result of Michelson-Morley experiment (MMX) laid the foundation of Relativity and rejected the Newtonian notions of absolute space and time. Logically the null result of any experiment cannot be used to reject the hypothesis under test because the null result could also be caused by invalidity of any of the associated assumptions. The basic design of MMX involves an implicit assumption that changes in the photon flight time in axial and transverse beams, induced by the absolute motion of the setup, can be directly correlated with the corresponding changes in the phase of two beams at the exit end of the beam splitter. We show in this paper that this assumed correlation is fundamentally wrong. It is true that the flight time of a photon between two fixed points on the experimental setup does change with absolute motion of the setup and this has been correctly modeled in the MMX design. The instantaneous phase difference in the light beam, between same two points, does not change with absolute motion of the setup. In the MMX design, phase difference between two fixed points on the setup has been calculated on the basis of time interval alone, without taking into account the shift in corresponding positions on the wave due to the absolute motion of the setup. All modern MMX type experiments with electromagnetic resonators are based on erroneous assumption that the resonant frequency ν is proportional to the relative light speed (c±v) rather than the absolute light speed c.</p>

Relative Motion and the Adjacency Principle

1974 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter C. Gogel
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Inverse Function ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Absolute Motion ◽  
Theory Of Motion ◽  
Moving Points ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Adjacency Principle ◽  
Perceived Motion

The perception of motion of physically moving points of light was investigated in terms of the distinction between absolute and relative motion cues and the change in the effectiveness of the latter as a function of the frontoparallel separation between the points. In situations in which two competing relative motion cues were available to determine the perceived path of motion of a point of light, it was found that the relative motion cue between more adjacent points was more effective than the relative motion cue between more separated points. In situations in which only one relative motion cue was available to determine the perceived motion of a point it was found that the effectiveness of this cue as compared with the absolute motion cue decreased with increased separation. These results are predictable from the adjacency principle which states that the effectiveness of cues between objects is an inverse function of object separation. Some consequences of the study for the theory of motion perception are discussed.

PLUME-SPOTTING: DERIVING THE ABSOLUTE MOTION OF HOTSPOTS AND PLATES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wessel ◽  
◽  
Guillaume Bodinier ◽  
Clinton P. Conrad
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Motion ◽  
The Absolute

scholarly journals CHEMICAL STUDIES ON INTESTINAL INFANTILISM

1912 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. McCrudden ◽  
H. L. Fales
Keyword(s):  
Body Surface ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Chemical Studies ◽  
Normal Ratio ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Absolute Quantity

In three cases of intestinal infantilism, the excretion of nitrogen in the urine per square meter of body surface was low. The heat radiation was normal. In spite of the fact that the absolute quantity of nitrogen was low, the distribution of nitrogen and sulphur among the various nitrogen and sulphur constituents of the urine was in the normal ratio. The ammonia excretion was normal. The ethereal sulphates were slightly increased. The respiratory coefficient showed that the supply of glycogen had not been used up after eighteen hours' starvation.

scholarly journals Albanian Aorist and Time Reference Points

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Muhamet Reçica ◽  
Naser Pajaziti
Keyword(s):  
Reference Point ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporal Relations ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Relative Time ◽  
Absolute Time ◽  
Temporal System ◽  
The Absolute

Topics related to the structure of the temporal system of Albanian language always give opportunities for new discussions to deal with certain aspects related to various forms of this system, and one of them is the aorist, as a tense containing many semantic, temporal, aspectual, stylistic values, etc. The relationships that exist between the verbal tenses in this system within the absolute time-relative time dimension, which relate to the independent or dependent use of temporal forms against one another in different discoursing contexts, make up an interpretation-based approach to interest. Hence, the essential objective of this paper will be specifically the relations of the Albanian aorist to the other verbal forms, always observed with a time reference point, to illuminate the character of these purely temporal relations against each other under all circumstances of the actions that take place and are displayed by verbal forms in different contexts, relying on the corpus of examined materials.

scholarly journals Dilation of Time and Newton’s Absolute Time

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Stefan Von Weber ◽  
Alexander Von Eye
Keyword(s):  
Light Propagation ◽  
Inertial Frame ◽  
Background Radiation ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
Light Sources ◽  
Membrane Theory ◽  
Absolute Time ◽  
Microwave Background Radiation

The Cosmic Membrane theory states that the space in which the cosmic microwave background radiation has no dipole is identical with Newton’s absolute space. Light propagates in this space only. In contrast, in a moving inertial frame of reference light propagation is in-homogeneous, i.e. it depends on the direction. Therefore, the derivation of the dilation of time in the sense of Einstein’s special relativity theory, i.e., together with the derivation of the length contraction under the constraint of constant cross dimensions, loses its plausibility, and one has to search for new physical foundations of the relativistic contraction and dilation of time. The Cosmic Membrane theory states also that light paths remain always constant independent on the orientation and the speed of the moving inertial frame of reference. Effects arise by the dilation of time. We predict a long term effect of the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment, but we show also that this effect is undetectable with today’s means. The reason is that the line width of the light sources hides the effect. The use of lasers, cavities and Fabry-Pérot etalons do not change this. We propose a light clock of special construction that could indicate Newton’s absolute time t0 nearly precisely.

Cosmological Aspects of the Absolute Space‐Time Theory

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Marinov
Keyword(s):  
Space Time ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Time Theory

scholarly journals Comparison of U-Series and Radiocarbon Dates of Speleothems

Radiocarbon ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Goslar ◽  
Helena Hercman ◽  
Anna Pazdur
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Analysis ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Large Deviation ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Previous Suggestion ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Absolute Time ◽  
Large Spread ◽  
The Absolute

The paper presents a comparison of U-series and radiocarbon dates of speleothems collected in several caves in central and southern Europe and southeast Africa. Despite a large spread of dates, mainly due to contamination with younger carbon, the group of corresponding 14C and 230Th/U ages of speleothem samples seems to be coherent with the previous suggestion of large deviation between the 14C and the absolute time scale between 35 and 45 ka BP. This agrees with the result of frequency analysis of published 14C and 230Th/U ages of speleothem.

Kant’s Foundations for Newtonian Science

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheldon R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Immanuel Kant ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Absolute Space ◽  
Absolute Motion ◽  
Nature Of Matter

Throughout his career, Immanuel Kant was engaged rather closely with Newtonian science. Although Kant adopts many Newtonian principles, most obviously the Newtonian gravitational law, he is also critical of Newton for, among other things, not having provided “metaphysical foundations” for science. Kant’s own attempt to provide such foundations leads him to have a somewhat different picture of the physical world from Newton. This article describes why Kant thought that metaphysical foundations were required and some of the ways this requirement leads Kant toward non-Newtonian views. In particular, it compares and contrasts their views on the nature of matter, force, the laws of nature, and absolute space and absolute motion.

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