Fertilization of Established Southern Pine Stands: Effects of Single and Split Nitrogen Treatments

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. Jokela ◽  
Stephen C. Stearns-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
N Application ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Nitrogen Treatments

Abstract Data from six fertilizer trials established in semimature southern pine stands (five slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii; one loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L.) were analyzed to determine the efficacy of single vs. split fertilizer treatments. Both fertilizer treatments supplied an elemental equivalent of 200 lb nitrogen (N)/ac and 50 lb phosphorus (P)/ac; however, the first treatment was delivered as a single dose, and the second treatment was a split N application (i.e., 50 lb N and 50 lb P/ac (initial); 150 lb N/ac (2 yr later). Cumulative responses of fertilized plots were still significantly greater than the controls in five trials after 8 yr and averaged 43% (15.7 ft²/ac) and 39% (607 ft³/ac) for basal area and stand volume growth, respectively. In general, no significant differences in either the magnitude or duration of response were detected between the single and split N fertilizer treatments. This suggests that delaying a portion of the N application for 2 yr will not diminish the level of growth responses attained. Therefore, land managers have flexibility in using either application method when implementing midrotation fertilizer prescriptions. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):135-138.

Thinned Loblolly Pine Stand Growth Improved by Early Hardwood Suppression

1991 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Terry R. Clason
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Stand Growth ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract A hardwood suppression treatment applied to a 7-year-old, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation enhanced projected productivity through a 35-year rotation that included three commercial thinnings. By age 22, growth data showed that hardwood removal treatments had larger pines and smaller hardwoods than check treatments. Fifteen-year pine basal area and merchantable volume growth on hardwood removal plots exceeded the check plots by 25 and 27%. Projected growth between ages 22 and 35 indicated that 28 years after early hardwood removal thinned plantation merchantable volume yields improved by 840 ft³ per acre. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):22-27.

Sawtimber Volume Predictions for Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands on Average Sites

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Murphy ◽  
Robert M. Farrar
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Selection System ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Elapsed Time ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract Equations are given to estimate current and projected sawtimber volumes and projected basal area of the sawtimber portion of uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf (Pinus taeda L.-Pinus echinata Mill.) pine stands managed under the selection system. The independent variables are elapsed time, initial merchantable basal area, and the initial ratio of sawtimber basal area to merchantable basal area. The results should provide guidelines for the board-foot and cubic-foot production of sawtimber-sized trees in uneven-aged stands that occur on average sites (site index 90, loblolly pine) in the Coastal Plain.

scholarly journals Modeling Early Responses of Loblolly Pine Growth to Thinning in the Western Gulf Coastal Plain Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 623-633
Author(s):  
Y H Weng ◽  
J Grogan ◽  
D W Coble
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Stand Basal Area

Abstract Growth response to thinning has long been a research topic of interest in forest science. This study presents the first 3–4 years of response of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) growth to thinning at different intensities. Data were collected from the East Texas Pine Research Project’s region-wide loblolly pine thinning study, which covers a wide variety of stand conditions. Four treatments, light, moderate, and heavy thinning, respectively having 370, 555, and 740 residual trees per hectare after thinning, and an unthinned control, were included. Individual tree diameter at breast height (dbh) and total height were recorded annually for the first 3–4 years after thinning. Results indicate significant differences between treatments in dbh growth in each year after thinning, as well as for all years combined. Each thinning treatment had significantly greater dbh growth than the control in the first growing season with this positive response being more evident in the case of the heavier thinning or at the later years post-thinning. Conversely, the thinning effect on tree height growth was initially negligibly negative, then becoming positive after 2–4 years, with the heavier thinning becoming positive sooner. Tree size class, assigned based on prethinning dbh, had a significant effect on both dbh and height growth responses. Compared to the control, small trees had a greater response both in dbh and in height growth than the medium and large trees over the measurement period. At the stand level, the heavier thinning had significantly less stand basal area per hectare, but the difference in stand basal area per hectare between the thinned and the unthinned plots decreased with years post-thinning. Results from this study can improve our understanding in thinning effects and help forest managers make accurate decisions on silvicultural regimes.

Growth of Loblolly Pine Stands After the First Five Years of Uneven-Aged Silviculture Using Single-Tree Selection

1994 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Murphy ◽  
Michael G. Shelton
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Site Index ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Single Tree Selection ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
North Louisiana ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract The effects of three levels of residual basal area (40, 60, and 80 ft2/ac), maximum dbh (12, 16, and 20 in.) and site index (< 81 ft, 81 to 90 ft, and >90 ft) on the growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands after 5 yr of uneven-aged silviculture were determined from plots located in south Arkansas and north Louisiana. Designated levels of basal area and maximum dbh were achieved by harvesting; a q factor of 1.2 (using 1 in. dbh classes) was imposed on all plots as closely as possible. Stand-level models were developed for annual per acre net volume growth (merchantable cubic feet, sawtimber cubic feet, and sawtimber board feet, Doyle rule) and annual per acre survivor growth, ingrowth, and mortality components of basal area growth. Growth for all volume measures increased with an increase in basal area. Site index did not significantly affect merchantable cubic-foot growth but had a positive effect on sawtimber growth in both cubic feet and board feet, Doyle. Increases in maximum dbh decreased merchantable and sawtimber cubic-foot growth but increased growth for board-foot volume, Doyle. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3): 128-132.

Hardwood Eradication Improves Productivity of Thinned Loblolly Pine Stands

1984 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Clason
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Detectable Effect ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Abstract A single hardwood eradication treatment in a 7-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stand along with pine stocking control increased growth and yield over a 10-year period. Herbaceous vegetation control had no detectable effect at ages 12 and 17. Treated plots had smaller stems, which could be controlled more readily by fire, although the number of understory stems was similar for all treatments. Mean annual radial and merchantable volume growth on treated plots surpassed controls by 30%. Future stand values were enhanced by removing hardwood competition. Residual stand sawtimber volumes on the treated plots were twice that of the control.

Southern Pine Beetle: Factors Associated with Spot Occurrence and Spread in Young Plantations

1988 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 208-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Scott Cameron ◽  
Ronald F. Billings
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Pinus Elliottii ◽  
Slash Pine ◽  
Dendroctonus Frontalis ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Southern Pine Beetle ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

Abstract An inventory of 167,316 ac of 5- to 15-year-old plantations of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) or loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) or both in east Texas revealed that infestations (spots) of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., occurred in plantations of all ages greater than 5 years. Infestation frequency ranged from 0.1 spots/1000 ac for 6-year-old plantations to 6 to 8 spots/1000 ac for 12- to 15-year-old plantations in 1985. Analyses of subsets of plantation inventories revealed that spots were more frequent in loblolly pine plantations than in slash pine plantations, and more frequent in plantations that had been prescribed-burned. An intensive study of 34 individual spots showed that spot initiation was often associated with stand disturbance but not with intraplantation variations in stand parameters. In turn, regression analyses revealed that the initial number of active trees (spot size) was directly correlated with pine basal area/ac. Rate of summer spot growth in uncontrolled infestations was most strongly correlated with number of active (brood) trees and weakly correlated with tree height and pine basal area/ac. Spots tended to grow faster in loblolly plantations than in those with slash pine. Mean spot growth rates were markedly less within young plantations than rates documented in earlier studies for natural pulpwood and sawtimber stands. A field guide for setting control priorities for beetle infestations in young plantations is provided. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):208-214.

Phosphorus and Nitrogen plus Phosphorus Fertilization in Loblolly Pine Stands at Establishment

1986 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Gent ◽  
H. Lee Allen ◽  
Robert G. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Soil Site ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Lower Coastal Plain ◽  
Site Types

Abstract The effect of phosphorus and nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization at time of establishment on the early height and diameter growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was examined in 18 studies on the southeastern Lower Coastal Plain. Growth responses varied substantially by soil type. Stands on very poorly drained clay sites did not respond to fertilization, while stands on very poorly drained loams were the most responsive. Applications of nitrogen plus phosphorus gave consistently superior results when compared with phosphorus alone on poorly drained clay sites. Response to phosphorus alone generally proved superior or equal to nitrogen plus phosphorus on other soil-site types. South J. Appl. For. 114-117, May 1986

scholarly journals Loblolly Pine Stand Early Development Under Reserve-Tree Silvicultural Systems in East Texas

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Messina ◽  
Jeffrey Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Light Attenuation ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
East Texas ◽  
Tree Methods ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Overstory Trees

Abstract Even-aged reproduction methods retaining reserve trees that persist through the development of the succeeding rotation have been poorly studied in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), yet have potential for satisfying a variety of landowner objectives. Two research sites were established in the East Texas Pineywoods region to examine the development of the regeneration component under five residual basal area densities (0, 10, 20, and 40 ft2/ac with natural regeneration on Site I; 0 and 30 ft2/ac with both natural regeneration and planting on Site II). After 7 yr on Site I and 5 yr on Site II, all reserve-tree methods allowed the development of a sufficient number of trees for producing a new generation beneath the residual overstory. However, suppression of the understory pines was evident, and varied in direct proportion to the basal area of the residual overstory. Volume growth of the residual overstory trees was low on an areal basis due to the death of several large residuals. A trenching experiment showed that the largest effect of the residual overstory on understory development was due to light attenuation rather than competition for soil resources. Advantages offered by reserve-tree methods for loblolly pine have to be assessed in view of the suppressed development of the regeneration. South. J. Appl. For. 24(1):11-16.

scholarly journals Growth Responses Following Herbicide Release of Loblolly Pine from Competing Hardwoods in the Virginia Piedmont

1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold E. Quicke ◽  
Dwight K. Lauer ◽  
Glenn R. Glover
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Virginia Piedmont ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Area And Volume

Abstract The objective of this study was to identify effective herbicide treatments for the release of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) from competing hardwoods 7 yr after treatment. The study site was a hardwood-to-pine conversion area that had been chopped and burned. Treatments included two groups of herbicides: (1) imazapyr at 1.0 lb ae/ac used alone or in combination with metsulfuron or glyphosate, and (2) glyphosate at 1.5 lb ae/ac used alone or in combination with metsulfuron. Broadcast herbicide treatments were applied in September, 1985, during the second growing season. All treatments were effective in controlling hardwoods, with the least effective treatment decreasing hardwood basal area by 55% relative to the untreated check. The pine crop trees responded with increased diameter, height, basal area, and volume. The increase in total pine volume outside bark over the untreated check ranged from 163 to 640 ft3/ac (22% to 85%) and the increase in pine basal area ranged from 13 to 40 ft2/ac (27% to 83%). No treatment resulted in significant pine mortality. Although pine height growth was stunted the year following treatment, at age 9, mean height gains on treated plots ranged from 2.7 ft to 5.6 ft. Treatments containing imazapyr performed better than treatments with glyphosate alone or in combination with metsulfuron. Imazapyr at 1.0 lb ae/ac reduced hardwood basal area to 2 ft2/ac at age nine compared to 25 ft2/ac on the untreated check plots. There was, therefore, little room for improvement from additives, indicating that combinations with lower rates of imazapyr, comparable to today' s operational rates, may be more appropriate. South. J. Appl. For. 20(4):177-181.

scholarly journals Competition Effects on Growth and Crown Dimensions of Shortleaf and Loblolly Pine in Mature, Natural-Origin, Pine–Hardwood Mixtures of the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain of Arkansas, USA: A Neighborhood Analysis

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bataineh ◽  
Ethan Childs
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Species Abundance ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Pinus Echinata ◽  
Shortleaf Pine ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Crown Dimensions

The need for a comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of competition has never been more important as plants adapt to a changing environment and as forest management evolves to focus on maintaining and enhancing complexity. With the recent decline in shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) land area, it is critical to determine the effects of competition on shortleaf pine and its performance against loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the preferred planted replacement. We evaluate differences in shortleaf and loblolly pine 10 year mean basal area increment (BAI) and crown dimensions across a gradient of neighborhoods. Linear mixed-effects regression models were developed using BAI and several crown metrics as responses and crowding, competitor species abundance and identity, and initial size and species identity of focal tree as predictors. Crowding of focal trees negatively impacted BAI and crown size (p < 0.001, respectively). Although loblolly pine had three times higher BAI as compared to shortleaf pine within similar neighborhoods, BAI was variable, and the crowding effect did not differ between shortleaf and loblolly pine (p ranged from 0.51–0.99). Competitive impacts on focal trees did not differ by competitor identity (p ranged from 0.07–0.70). Distance-independent competition indices better explained the variation in BAI and horizontal crown metrics, while distance-dependent size ratios were more effective at evaluating vertical crown metrics. These findings highlight shortleaf pine competitive potential in mature, natural-origin stands and provide support for the restoration of pine–hardwood and hardwood–pine stratified mixtures as well as management of shortleaf pine at long rotations.

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