scholarly journals Inoculum Reduction Measures to Manage Armillaria Root Disease in a Severely Infected Stand of Ponderosa Pine in South-Central Washington: 35-Year Results

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Shaw ◽  
D.W. Omdal ◽  
A. Ramsey-Kroll ◽  
L.F. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
No Removal ◽  
South Central ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Maximum Removal

Abstract A stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) severely affected by Armillaria root disease was treated with five different levels of sanitation by root removal to reduce root disease losses in the regenerating stand. Treatments included the following: (1) all trees pushed over by machine, maximum removal of roots by machine ripping, and visible remaining roots removed by hand; (2) all trees pushed over by machine and maximum removal of roots by machine ripping; (3) all trees pushed over by machine with no further removal of roots; (4) smaller trees pushed over by machine but large stumps left, otherwise maximum removal of roots by machine ripping; and (5) all trees felled and removed by skidding, area cleared of slash, sod scalped, and no removal of roots. After 35 years, we found that the more intense and thorough root-removal treatments were generally more effective in reducing the occurrence of Armillaria root disease. However, even the most intensive treatment (treatment 1), which experienced significantly less disease than most other treatments, had 23% of the area expressing mortality. The only operationally feasible treatment (treatment 3) also reduced levels of mortality, but not significantly (40% mortality versus 52% in the control, treatment 5). Although these results support the concept that inoculum removal can reduce root disease levels, the treatment necessary to provide a meaningful reduction in disease loss does not seem to warrant its cost.

scholarly journals Inoculum Reduction Measures to Control Armillaria Root Disease in a Severely Infested Stand of Ponderosa Pine in South-Central Washington: 20 Year Results

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis F. Roth ◽  
Charles G. Shaw ◽  
Leonard Rolph
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
South Central ◽  
Improved Sanitation ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Maximum Removal

Abstract A stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) severely impacted by Armillaria root disease was treated with five different levels of sanitation by root removal in an attempt to reduce losses to root disease in the regenerating stand. Treatments included: (1) Trees pushed out, maximum removal of roots by machine, visible remaining roots picked out by hand; (2) Trees pushed out, maximum removal of roots by machine; (3) Trees pushed out, no further removal of roots; (4) Trees pushed out, large stumps left, otherwise maximum removal of roots by machine; (5) Clear logged, sod scalped between the stumps, stumps retained. After 20 yr there was a general reduction in mortality with improved sanitation, although treatment #3 was less effective than expected. In each type of stand regeneration (thinned, unthinned, and planted), only treatment #1 consistently expressed less mortality than the other treatments, and differences were significant in the thinned and unthinned portions of the experiment between treatments #1 and #5. Crop tree height and diameter growth after 20 yr were also best in treatment #1. These results do not necessarily indicate that push-over logging is ineffective, but rather they show that after trees and intact stumps have been pushed out, further cleaning is needed to reach the satisfactory sanitation level achieved in treatment #1. Hand cleaning as done in treatment #1 would certainly be cost prohibitive, but perhaps that level of root removal could be achieved in light textured soils with judicious use of a land-clearing brush rake. West. J. Appl. For. 15(2):92-100.

Precommercial Thinning in a Ponderosa Pine Stand affected by Armillaria Root Disease: 20 Years of Growth and Mortality in Central Oregon

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Filip ◽  
Donald J. Goheen ◽  
David W. Johnson ◽  
John H. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Forest Managers

Abstract A naturally regenerated stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) was thinned in 1966 to determine the effects of spacing on crop-tree mortality caused by Armillaria root disease in central Oregon. After 20 years, crop-tree mortality in unthinned plots exceeded that in the thinned plots (1.6 vs. 0.8 trees/ac/yr). Crop-tree diameter growth, however, was greater in thinned plots (0.2 vs. 0.1 in./yr). Forest managers should not defer thinning of similar stands because of Armillaria root disease. West J. Appl. For. 4(2):58-59, April 1989.

Flexibility in foraging and roosting behaviour by the big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus)

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Mark Brigham
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Eptesicus Fuscus ◽  
Foraging Area ◽  
South Central ◽  
Big Brown Bats ◽  
Big Brown Bat ◽  
Pine Trees

I used radiotelemetry to study the roosting and foraging behaviour of big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in south central British Columbia. Maternity colonies were found in hollows of dead ponderosa pine trees (Pinus ponderosa) and colony members were not loyal to specific trees. Individuals consistently foraged above a 300-m stretch of the Okanagan River, travelling 1.8 km on average from day roosts to the foraging area. There were significant differences in the duration of foraging bouts among different sex and age-classes. The results are compared with data collected in a similar manner for a population in Ontario, where, in contrast to British Columbia, E. fuscus were highly loyal to man-made roost structures and on average travelled less than 1 km to foraging sites that varied nightly. I suggest that the marked difference in both roosting and foraging behaviour is due to differences in the availability and structure of roosts and in the distribution of insect prey.

Effects of site preparation on ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa), associated vegetation, and soil properties in south central Oregon

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 612-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrell W. Ross ◽  
William Scott ◽  
Ronald L. Heninger ◽  
John D. Walstad
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Strong Negative Correlation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nutrient Levels ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
South Central ◽  
And Control

Eight years after installation, six site preparation treatments were compared for effects on soil chemical and physical properties, nonconiferous vegetation, and the survival and growth of planted ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.). Treatments included a logged-only control, ripping, brush blading, disking, chemical spraying (herbicide), and chemical spraying followed by disking. The brush-blade and chemical–disk treatments showed the greatest reduction in nutrient levels (total N, S, and C, and extractable P) compared with the control within the lower zone of soil sampled (15–25 cm depth). The chemical-only and disk-only treatments resulted in smaller decreases in nutrient levels, while ripping appeared to have only minor effects on soil chemical properties. Similar trends were noted in the upper soil zone (0–10 cm), although the differences were not statistically significant. Brush blading and both disking operations increased soil bulk density in the upper soil zone, but not in the lower soil zone. Aboveground biomass of shrubs was highest on the control treatment, followed by the rip, disk, brush-blade, chemical, and chemical–disk treatments. Pine survival was 78% or better for all treatments except the rip and control. The chemical–disk and chemical treatments resulted in the best height growth, followed by the disk, brush-blade, rip, and control treatments. A strong negative correlation existed between the amount of brush and pine biomass after 8 years. This study illustrates the importance of weed control to achieve maximum survival and early growth of planted pines in south central Oregon.

scholarly journals Precommercial Thinning in a Ponderosa Pine Stand Affected by Armillaria Root Disease in Central Oregon: 30 Years of Growth and Mortality

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 144-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Filip ◽  
Stephen A. Fitzgerald ◽  
Lisa M. Ganio
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease

Abstract A 30-yr-old stand of ponderosa pine was precommercially thinned in 1966 to determine the effects of thinning on tree growth and mortality caused by Armillaria root disease in central Oregon. After 30 yr, crop tree mortality was significantly (P = 0.02) less in thinned plots than in unthinned plots. Tree diameter growth was not significantly (P = 0.17) increased by thinning. Crop-tree basal area/ac growth was significantly (P = 0.03) greater in thinned plots. Apparently, from a root disease perspective, precommercial thinning of pure ponderosa stands significantly decreases the incidence of crop-tree mortality after 30 yr and significantly increases basal area/ac growth but not individual tree diameter growth. Recommendations for thinning based on stand density index (SDI) are given. West. J. Appl. For. 14(3):144-148.

Symptom expression in conifers infected with Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1210-1219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel W Omdal ◽  
Charles G Shaw, III ◽  
William R Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
Armillaria Ostoyae ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Old Trees

Crown symptoms and other aboveground variables were examined on 36 Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco.) (40–209 years old), 46 white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.) (36–165 years old), and 97 ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) (64–220 years old) trees in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Root systems of all trees were excavated to determine extent of root disease. Symptoms observed on infected trees, including reductions in height growth, changes in foliage characteristics, and crown dieback, worsened as the number of infected roots increased. Trees with aboveground symptoms had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) number of infected lateral roots than trees without symptoms. In mixed conifer stands on the Archuleta Mesa, Colo., four qualitative crown symptoms were used to accurately detect Armillaria ostoyae (Romagn.) Herink and (or) Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. infection of Douglas-fir (21/22, or 95%) and white fir (19/28, or 68%). Similarly, 61% (48/79) of the A. ostoyae infected ponderosa pine trees on the Jemez site, N.M., were detected using the qualitative Thomson vigor rating system. Discriminate analysis, using more thorough variables and analysis, resulted in correct infection classifications of 82%, 85%, and 78% for Douglas-fir, white fir, and ponderosa pine, respectively, suggesting that aboveground variables are reasonable indicators of root disease.

scholarly journals Assessment of armillaria root disease infection in stands in south-central British Columbia with varying levels of overstory retention, with and without pushover logging

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1598-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
William K. Chapman ◽  
Bruce Schellenberg ◽  
Teresa A. Newsome
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
South Central ◽  
Partial Harvesting ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Removal Technique ◽  
Thuja Plicata Donn

This trial, conducted near Nakusp, British Columbia, compares pushover logging (combination tree felling and root removal technique using large machines to push trees out of the ground) with handfalling logging (no root removal) for effects on the incidence of armillaria root disease in postharvest regeneration. Pushover logging did not reduce levels of root disease, expressed as percentage tree mortality, over handfalling harvesting on this site. High variability of measured disease levels within some treatments and few replicates lowered the power of the trial. However, in addition to being statistically insignificant, the mean differences between the two main treatments were small and biologically uninteresting, and the response was inconsistent in direction. The trial also included three mature timber retention levels as treatments, and there seemed to be a trend of declining root disease with increased retention of stems. This phenomenon should be further investigated as current literature is not clear on the response of armillaria to partial harvesting. There was a strong suggestion of a difference between susceptibility of natural and planted seedlings to armillaria root disease, with natural regeneration being less susceptible. Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don was less affected by armillaria root disease than other species in this trial, whether it was planted or naturally regenerated.

scholarly journals Effect of Prescribed Burning at Different Fuel Moisture Levels on Grasslands in Wind Cave National Park

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 148-152
Author(s):  
F. Gartner ◽  
E. White ◽  
L. Worcester
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
National Park ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Fuel Moisture

The study was designed to determine whether different fuel and soil moisture levels at time of ignition would alter the response of key grass species to prescribed burning. Grasslands occupy approximately 75% of the area of Wind Cave National Park (WCNP); the remainder is dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), according to Lovass (1973). The Soil Conservation Service (1969) classed only about 17% of the Park area as woodland. Nearly all grassland adjacent to woodland has been invaded by ponderosa pine. Almost without exception, pine invades the little bluestem - big bluestem (Schizachyrium scorparium - Andropogon gerardi) community, but not the wheatgrass - needle-grass - grama (Andropogon - Stipa- Bouteloua) community. While these two communities are frequently interspersed, the bluestem community probably occupies the largest percentage of the total grassland area. The general relationships between fuel moisture content and fire spread (or ease of control) are well known. However, relationships between fuel and surface soil moisture content and responses of plant species to burning are not well documented. Since the key grass species of the bluestem community are major dominants throughout the Park, that community was selected for the study. Examined were the effects of three fuel moisture levels (dry, medium and wet) at ignition on postburn species composition, cover, height, weight, soil moisture and soil chemistry. The design also included an unburned (control) treatment.

scholarly journals Thinning Ponderosa Pine Affected by Armillaria Root Disease: 40 Years of Growth and Mortality on an Infected Site in Central Oregon

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Filip ◽  
Stephen A. Fitzgerald ◽  
Kristen L. Chadwick ◽  
Timothy A. Max
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Root Disease ◽  
Precommercial Thinning ◽  
Fungal Host ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Armillaria Root Disease ◽  
Stand Density Index

Abstract Portions of a 30-year-old stand of ponderosa pine were precommercially thinned in 1966 and commercially thinned in 2000 at age 64 years to determine the effects of thinning from below on tree growth and mortality caused by Armillaria root disease in central Oregon. Thirty years after precommercial thinning, leave-tree mortality was significantly less in thinned plots than in unthinned plots, but leave-treeߝdiameter growth was not significantly increased by thinning. Leave-tree basal area (BA) per acre growth, however, was significantly greater in thinned plots.In 2007 at age 71 years, 7 years after commercial thinning of the same plots that were precommercially thinned in 1966, leave-tree mortality was less in thinned plots than in unthinned plots, but more time probably is necessary to adequately assess Armillaria-caused mortality after commercial thinning. Both tree diameter and BA growth were significantly increased by commercial thinning. Hypotheses on fungal-host dynamics are discussed, and recommendations for multiple thinning based on stand density index are given.

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