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2023 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Oliveira ◽  
M. H. M. Silva ◽  
J. Garlet

Abstract Bamboo (Bambusa sp.) is a grass species with high potential for exploitation, however, this raw material is easily attacked by xylophagous agents such as Coleoptera. The objective of this study is thus to analyse the presence of wood-boring beetles associated with Bambusa sp. in Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study was carried out in a bamboo plantation, from August 2016 to July 2017. Two models of ethanolic traps were used, PET Santa Maria and ESALQ-84. Three families of wood-boring beetles were observed in this study: Bostrichidae, Cerambycidae and Curculionidae. 2,144 individuals were identified, belonging to 19 species, in four subfamilies and 11 tribes, and the species Xyleborus affinis was the most frequently collected. Thus, this study constitutes an important contribution to the knowledge of coleoborers associated with bamboo plantations, with the registration of the occurrence of species, as well as contributing to the knowledge of the entomofauna associated with species cultivated in the Southern Amazon.


PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262494
Author(s):  
Bhagirath Singh Chauhan

Avena fatua and A. ludoviciana (commonly known as wild oats) are the most problematic winter grass species in fallows and winter crops in the northeast region of Australia. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of glyphosate and alternative post-emergence herbicides on A. fatua and A. ludoviciana. This study reports the world’s first glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotypes of A. fatua and A. ludoviciana. The glyphosate dose required to kill 50% of the plants (LD50) and to reduce 50% of the biomass (GR50) for the GR biotype of A. fatua was 556 g a.e./ha and 351 g a.e./ha, respectively. These values for A. ludoviciana were 848 g a.e./ha and 289 g a.e./ha. Regardless of the growth stage (3–4 or 6–7 leaf stages), clethodim (120 g a.i./ha), haloxyfop (78 g a.i./ha), pinoxaden (20 g a.i./ha), and propaquizafop (30 g a.i./ha) were the best alternative herbicide options for the control of A. fatua and A. ludoviciana. The efficacy of butroxydim (45 g a.i./ha), clodinafop (120 g a.i./ha), imazamox + imazapyr (36 g a.i./ha), and paraquat (600 g a.i./ha) reduced at the advanced growth stage. Glufosinate (750 g a.i./ha), flamprop (225 g a.i./ha), and pyroxsulam + halauxifen (20 g a.i./ha) did not provide effective control of Avena species. This study identified alternative herbicide options to manage GR biotypes of A. fatua and A. ludoviciana.


2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongya Wu ◽  
Yiyu Hu ◽  
Shota Akashi ◽  
Hideaki Nojiri ◽  
Chu-Yu Ye ◽  
...  

Momilactone A, an important plant labdane-related diterpenoid, functions as a phytoalexin against pathogens and an allelochemical against neighboring plants. The genes involved in biosynthesis of momilactone A are found in clusters, i.e., MABGCs (Momilactone A biosynthetic gene clusters), in the rice and barnyardgrass genomes. How MABGCs originate and evolve is still not clear. Here, we integrated results from comprehensive phylogeny and comparative genomic analyses of the core genes of MABGC-like clusters and MABGCs in 40 monocot plant genomes, providing convincing evidence for the birth and evolution of MABGCs in grass species. The MABGCs found in the PACMAD clade of the core grass lineage (including Panicoideae and Chloridoideae) originated from a MABGC-like cluster in Triticeae (BOP clade) via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and followed by recruitment of MAS and CYP76L1 genes. The MABGCs in Oryzoideae originated from PACMAD through another HGT event and lost CYP76L1 afterwards. The Oryza MABGC and another Oryza diterpenoid cluster c2BGC are two distinct clusters, with the latter being originated from gene duplication and relocation within Oryzoideae. Further comparison of the expression patterns of the MABGC genes between rice and barnyardgrass in response to pathogen infection and allelopathy provides novel insights into the functional innovation of MABGCs in plants. Our results demonstrate HGT-mediated origination of MABGCs in grass and shed lights into the evolutionary innovation and optimization of plant biosynthetic pathways.


Agronomy ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Katherin Meza ◽  
Steven J. Vanek ◽  
Yulissa Sueldo ◽  
Edgar Olivera ◽  
Raúl Ccanto ◽  
...  

Soils of the Andean highlands are under threat from cropping system intensification. Improved forage-based fallows offer great promise to address this issue, but research is needed to better understand the potential of species mixtures vs. monocultures to support multiple farmer objectives, especially forage production and soil conservation. We used a pot study to quantify above- and belowground biomass production as well as the total N uptake of grass–legume pairs between five grasses: (1) oat (Avena sativa), (2) ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), (3) festulolium (Lolium × Festuca genera), (4) brome grass (Bromus catharticus), and (5) orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), and four legumes: (1) vetch (Vicia dasycarpa), (2) red clover (Trifolium pratense), (3) black medic (Medicago lupulina), and (4) alfalfa (Medicago sativa) relative to the performance of each species in monoculture within two soils from the central Peruvian Andes. Grass–legume bicultures demonstrated significant overyielding, producing 65% and 28% more total dry biomass and total N uptake on average than monocultures. Aboveground biomass of bicultures was significantly influenced by the species of legume present, while belowground biomass was more affected by the grass species in the mixture. When evaluating the growth of each species separately, our findings indicate that overyielding was driven more by the enhanced growth of grasses relative to legumes. Our findings indicate that combining key functional groups (e.g., grass and legume, annual and perennial) offers great promise for developing improved fallows for supporting soil health and productivity in Andean agroecosystems.


2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Qiao ◽  
Hanlin Li ◽  
Jie Wang ◽  
Jiajia Zhao ◽  
Xingwei Zheng ◽  
...  

Wheat founder parents have been important in the development of new wheat cultivars. Understanding the effects of specific genome regions on yield-related traits in founder variety derivatives can enable more efficient use of these genetic resources through molecular breeding. In this study, the genetic regions related to field grain number per spike (GNS) from the founder parent Linfen 5064 were analyzed using a doubled haploid (DH) population developed from a cross between Linfen 5064 and Nongda 3338. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for five spike-related traits over nine experimental locations/years were identified, namely, total spikelet number per spike (TSS), base sterile spikelet number per spike (BSSS), top sterile spikelet number per spike (TSSS), fertile spikelet number per spike (FSS), and GNS. A total of 13 stable QTL explaining 3.91–19.51% of the phenotypic variation were found. The effect of six of these QTL, Qtss.saw-2B.1, Qtss.saw-2B.2, Qtss.saw-3B, Qfss.saw-2B.2, Qbsss.saw-5A.1, and Qgns.saw-1A, were verified by another DH population (Linfen 5064/Jinmai 47), which showed extreme significance (P < 0.05) in more than three environments. No homologs of reported grain number-related from grass species were found in the physical regions of Qtss.saw-2B.1 and Qtss.saw-3B, that indicating both of them are novel QTL, or possess novel-related genes. The positive alleles of Qtss.saw-2B.2 from Linfen 5064 have the larger effect on TSS (3.30%, 0.62) and have 66.89% in Chinese cultivars under long-term artificial selection. This study revealed three key regions for GNS in Linfen 5064 and provides insights into molecular marker-assisted breeding.


2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Ylluyanka Méndez Moncada ◽  
Luana Fidelis Américo ◽  
Paulo Gonçalves Duchini ◽  
Gabriela Cristina Guzatti ◽  
Daniel Schmitt ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT: In this study we tested whether the root biomass of mixtures composed by grass species is greater than their respective monocultures. The treatments were monocultures of Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, and a mixture of them, cultivated in a rich-soil environment. Root biomass was evaluated on a single evaluation per season at three soil depths (0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm). Mixed swards presented the greatest root biomass, and this was explained by a greater concentration in the topsoil layer (0-5 cm). These findings reinforce the need for permanent soil conservation practices to not jeopardize the benefits of the more abundant root biomass reported in the mixed swards.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Uli Stingl ◽  
Chang Jae Choi ◽  
Braham Dhillon ◽  
Marco Schiavon

Golf courses have a significant environmental impact. High water demands and the intensive use of agricultural chemicals have been a concern for decades and are therefore in the focus of efforts to make golf courses more environmentally sustainable. Products based on modifying or using plant-associated microbiota are one of the fastest-growing sectors in agriculture, but their application on turfgrasses on golf courses is so far negligible. In this review, we summarize the limited knowledge on microbiomes of golf turf ecosystems and show that the lack of holistic studies addressing the structure and function of golf turf microbiomes, including their responses to intense turf management procedures, is currently the main bottleneck for development and improvement of reliable, well-functioning microbial products. We further highlight the endosphere of turfgrasses, which is easily accessible for microbial cultivation through constant mowing, as the most stable and protected micro-environment. Many grass species do possess endophytic bacteria and fungi that have been shown to improve the plants’ resistance towards microbial pathogens and insect pests, and several products using endophyte-enhanced grass varieties are commercially successful. We anticipated that this trend would tee-off on golf courses, too, once a more comprehensive understanding of golf turf microbiomes is available.


Author(s):  
Arathi H. S. ◽  
Janet Hardin

Abstract Invasive winter annual grasses, such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) are considered serious threats to regional biodiversity. Pollinator populations that depend on the native flora are likely to be negatively impacted as these native species may be displaced by the invasive grass species. Colonization by cheatgrass is also predicted to increase risk of wildfires, as dead plant parts provide fuel in the already dry and arid regions of the western United States. Biocontrol, grazing, prescribed burning, or use of broad-spectrum nonselective herbicides have been suggested as possible means to control B. tectorum. Efficient control may facilitate regrowth of native flora that could in turn support other ecosystem functions. Reporting our findings as a case study, we describe here the results of the application of a preemergent herbicide, indaziflam, that limits germination of B. tectorum seeds. Herbicide was applied to the study locations during the months of December 2016, January 2017, and February 2017. The data reported here on the diversity of flowering plants were collected between May through September 2018. Herbicide-treated plots showed an increase in diversity and abundance of flowering plants compared to the untreated control within two seasons after cheatgrass control was implemented, suggesting that effective reduction of the population of the invasive annual cheatgrass may help facilitate the growth of native forbs. Further studies are necessary to understand mechanisms that facilitate reestablishment of native flowering species, the long-term consequences of reducing invasive annual grasses and to document any residual effects of the herbicide on ground-nesting pollinators.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ireyli Z. Iracheta-Lara ◽  
Nathalie S. Hernández-Quiroz ◽  
Alfredo Pinedo-Alvarez ◽  
Eduardo Santellano-Estrada ◽  
Jesús A. Prieto-Amparán ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Teng ◽  
Yuesen Yue ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Hui Li ◽  
Lixin Xu ◽  
...  

Pheophytinase (PPH), the phytol hydrolase, plays important roles in chlorophyll degradation. Nevertheless, little attention has been paid to the PPHs in warm-season grass species; neither its detailed function in photosynthesis has been systematically explored to date. In this study, we isolated ZjPPH from Zoysia japonica, an excellent warm-season turfgrass species. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis and promoter activity characterization revealed that the expression of ZjPPH could be induced by senescence, ABA, and dark induction. Subcellular localization observation proved that ZjPPH was localized in the chloroplasts. Overexpression of ZjPPH accelerated the chlorophyll degradation and rescued the stay-green phenotype of the Arabidopsis pph mutant. Moreover, ZjPPH promoted senescence with the accumulation of ABA and soluble sugar contents, as well as the increased transcriptional level of SAG12 and SAG14. Transmission electron microscopy investigation revealed that ZjPPH caused the decomposition of chloroplasts ultrastructure in stable transformed Arabidopsis. Furthermore, chlorophyll a fluorescence transient measurement analysis suggested that ZjPPH suppressed photosynthesis efficiency by mainly suppressing both photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI). In conclusion, ZjPPH plays an important role in chlorophyll degradation and senescence. It could be a valuable target for genetic editing to cultivate new germplasms with stay-green performance and improved photosynthetic efficiency.


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