scholarly journals Soil Solarization and Biological Control for Managing Mesocriconema xenoplax and Short Life in a Newly Established Peach Orchard

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 1309-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Nyczepir ◽  
D. A. Kluepfel ◽  
V. Waldrop ◽  
W. P. Wechter
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Control ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Soil Solarization ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Orchard

The effects of soil solarization, with and without a Pseudomonas spp. cocktail or wheat rotation as alternatives to chemical control of Mesocriconema xenoplax, were investigated from 2004 to 2011. Preplant solarization and soil fumigation (67% methyl bromide + 33% chloropicrin mixture; henceforth, referred to as MBr) was initiated in 2004 in an orchard infested with M. xenoplax and a history of peach tree short life (PTSL). Plots consisted of nine treatments: (i) nonsolarized soil-alone, (ii) nonsolarized soil with bacteria cocktail (nonsolar-bacteria), (iii) nonsolarized soil with wheat (nonsolar-wheat), (iv) nonsolarized soil with bacteria cocktail and wheat (nonsolar-bacteria-wheat), (v) solarized soil-alone, (vi) solarized soil with bacteria cocktail solar-bacteria), (vii) solarized soil with wheat (solar-wheat), (viii) solarized soil with bacteria cocktail and wheat (solar-bacteria-wheat), and (ix) preplant MBr fumigation. Peach trees were planted into all plots in 2005. Nematode populations were suppressed 20 months longer after orchard establishment in solar-alone and solar-wheat plots than solar-bacteria and solar-bacteria-wheat plots. Pseudomonas spp. cocktails did not have a pronounced effect in suppressing M. xenoplax in this study. Fumigation effect on M. xenoplax population density dissipated 24 months after application. Solar-wheat-treated soil was as effective as preplant MBr fumigation in increasing tree survival from PTSL for at least 6 years after orchard establishment.

scholarly journals Preplanting Bahia Grass or Wheat Compared for Controlling Mesocriconema xenoplax and Short Life in a Young Peach Orchard

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 789-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Nyczepir ◽  
P. F. Bertrand
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Cover Systems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bahia Grass ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Orchard

The effects of four preplant ground cover systems as alternatives to chemical control of Mesocriconema xenoplax were investigated from 1991 to 1998. Ground cover establishment was initiated in 1991 in an orchard known to be infested with M. xenoplax and having a history of peach tree short life (PTSL). Ground cover systems included (i) Pensacola bahia grass, (ii) Tifton 9 bahia grass, (iii) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum ‘Stacy’), and (iv) naturally occurring weeds that were maintained over the entire orchard floor. Ground cover evaluation was initiated in 1994, when herbicide was applied to the ground cover plots and half the weed plots were fumigated with methyl bromide. Peach trees were planted into all plots in 1995. Fumigation effect on M. xenoplax population density collapsed 25 months after application. Young peach trees grew faster for the first 13 months in killed Pensacola bahia grass sod and fumigated soil, intermediate in Tifton 9 bahia grass and wheat plots, and slowest in unfumigated weed plots. By the end of the experiment, tree growth was greatest in Pensacola bahia grass killed sod and least in the unfumigated weed plots. Preplant wheat was as effective as fallow for 3 years plus a preplant methyl bromide fumigation in increasing tree survival from PTSL.

scholarly journals Preplant Biofumigation with Sorghum or Methyl Bromide Compared for Managing Criconemoides xenoplax in a Young Peach Orchard

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1607-1611 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Nyczepir ◽  
R. Rodriguez-Kabana
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Short Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site ◽  
Peach Orchard

Sorghum as a preplant green manure biofumigant management system of Criconemoides xenoplax was investigated from 1998 to 2003. The study was conducted on a site infested with C. xenoplax and having a previous history of peach tree short life (PTSL). Plots consisted of five preplant treatments: (i) nonfumigated soil without tarp and urea, (ii) nonfumigated soil with tarp and urea, (iii) sorghum as a green manure without tarp and urea, (iv) sorghum as a green manure with tarp and urea, and (v) preplant methyl bromide fumigation. Sorghum as a green manure with and without tarp was comparable with methyl bromide fumigation in suppressing the population of C. xenoplax in the early stages of this experiment. Nematode population densities were suppressed 11 months longer in sorghum with tarp and urea plots than in sorghum without tarp and urea plots. However, nematode population densities in sorghum with tarp and urea plots were not suppressed as long as in fumigated methyl bromide plots (19 versus 24 months, respectively).

scholarly journals Peach Rootstock Performance of BY-520-9 and Lovell in a Peach Tree Short Life Replant Site

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 497C-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Parker ◽  
Dave Ritchie ◽  
Andy Nyczepir
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Old Trees

A study was initiated in 1994 to evaluate the performance of the recently released peach rootstock Guardian TM (BY-5209-9), compared to Lovell, the commercial standard in North Carolina. `Redhaven' was the scion for both rootstocks. Guardian&™ is reported to be tolerant to root-knot nematodes and not affected by ring nematodes, which contribute to the incidence of peach tree short life (PTSL). The site of this study has a history of poor peach tree survival. Six-year-old trees were removed because of tree mortality from PTSL in Spring 1993. After tree removal, one-half of each existing row was pre-plant fumigated and trees were replanted over the rows of the previous orchard in Feb. 1994. In Spring 1996, tree mortality for the trees planted on Lovell was 30%, compared to 10% for the trees planted on GuardianTM. Trunk cross-sectional area for trees grown in the fumigated soil was approximately double that of trees grown in the unfumigated soil for both GuardianTM and Lovell. The 1996 fruit crop was eliminated from frost/freeze conditions and 1997 yields will be discussed. In Fall 1996, one-half of the trees were treated with a post-plant nematicide to determine if such treatments are necessary or beneficial with the GuardianTM rootstock.

scholarly journals (311) Armillaria Root Rot of Peach: A Multipronged Approach

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1026B-1026
Author(s):  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Guido Schnabel ◽  
Kerik Cox ◽  
Ralph Scorza ◽  
Karen Bussey
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Antifungal Protein ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Commercial Grower ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Peach Trees

Armillaria root rot (ARR) of peach caused by the soil-borne basidiomycete fungus Armillaria tabescens is causing premature decline and mortality of peach trees on most southeastern U.S. peach farms. Soil inoculum may be present both in former peach orchard sites and on sites that were once in hardwood forest. The fungus is protected under the bark of dead root pieces and may survive up to 100 years at various depths in the soil profile. No commercially available rootstocks are resistant to ARR. Since 2002, we have embarked on a multipronged strategy to develop control options to combat ARR. First, we have two replicated trials on commercial grower replant sites with a history of ARR. Trial 1 compares four preplant fumigation treatments (none, Telone II, methyl bromide, and Enzone), three rootstocks (Lovell, Halford, and Guardian) and preplant root dips with endomycorrhizal fungi. Trial 2 compares the use of raised beds, root collar excavation and preplant root dips. Both trials examine long-term productivity and tree survival. Second, we are examining the use of systemic fungicide injection into infected trees to protect trees around infection foci. Third, we are trying to develop a genetically modified ARR-resistant rootstock. We have inserted the gene encoding the gastrodia antifungal protein (GAFP—a low molecular weight lectin that binds mannose and chitin) from a Chinese orchid into tobacco (model herbaceous system) and plum (model Prunus system). GAFP has antifungal activity against several basidiomycete root rot pathogens. Pathogenicity tests with transformed tobacco plants show enhanced tolerance to several root rot pathogens when compared to nontransformed plants. Transformed plums are being multiplied for pathogenicity tests.

scholarly journals Relative Susceptibility of Peach and Plum Germplasm to Armillaria Root Rot

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.G. Beckman ◽  
W.R. Okie ◽  
A.P. Nyczepir ◽  
P.L. Pusey ◽  
C.C. Reilly
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Native North American ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Armillaria Root Rot ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site

Nearly 5000 seedling trees representing more than 100 peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] and plum (Prunus spp.) lines were planted at a 4 × 0.6-m spacing in Jan. 1983, on a site with a known history of peach tree short life (PTSL) and Armillaria root rot (ARR). Trees were arranged in a randomized complete-block with eight replicates of six trees each. Beginning in Spring 1984 and each year thereafter the cause of tree death was determined. At the end of 9 years, 50% of the trees had succumbed to PTSL and 35% had been killed by ARR apparently caused by Armillaria tabescens. Analysis of the data for trees killed by ARR showed a wide range in mortality, some peach lines appeared significantly more tolerant to ARR than others. Plum lines derived from native North American species also appeared to be a potential source of improved tolerance. We did not establish whether ARR tolerance is affected by PTSL.

A study on pollination of dessert peaches cv. Crawford

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (87) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Langridge ◽  
PT Jenkins ◽  
RD Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Airborne Pollen ◽  
Flight Activity ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Orchard

The availability of pollen for fertilization of Crawford peaches and its dispersal by wind and by honeybees was studied in the laboratory and in a peach orchard. Optimum conditions for ripening and dehiscence of the anthers were provided when temperatures were above 25�C and humidity was below 70 per cent R.H. There was virtually no airborne pollen in the open orchard or inside a cage placed around a peach tree. Flight activity of bees was related to ambient temperatures and bee visits to peach trees were low compared with those for cherries or apples. On trees to which bees had access there was a 2.9 x increase in percentage of flowers that set fruit and a 2.6 x increase in weight of fruit harvested as compared with trees from which bees were excluded.

scholarly journals Effect of Winter Root-zone Temperature on Root Regeneration of Peach Rootstocks

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 1607-1610
Author(s):  
W.R. Okie ◽  
A.P. Nyczepir
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Nursery Trees ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Peach Rootstocks ◽  
Zone Temperature

Roots of dormant peach trees can grow when soil temperatures are >7 °C, which commonly occurs in the southeastern U.S. during the winter. In our tests, root growth on 1-year-old nursery trees was minimal at 7 °C, and increased with temperature up to at least 16 °C, but rootstocks varied greatly in their regeneration at a given temperature. Trees on seedling rootstocks of `Guardian™', `Halford' and `Lovell' regenerated roots more slowly than those on `Nemaguard' at soil temperatures >7 °C. The regeneration rates mirrored the relative susceptibility of these rootstocks to peach tree short life syndrome in the southeastern U.S., which is associated with parasitism by ring nematode.

scholarly journals C/N RATIO AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN PEACH BARK RELATED TO PEACH TREE SHORT LIFE

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
NEWTON ALEX MAYER ◽  
BERNARDO UENO ◽  
VALÉCIA ADRIANA LUCAS DA SILVA ◽  
RICARDO ALEXANDRE VALGAS ◽  
CRISTINA MOREIRA DA SILVEIRA
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Peach Tree ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Short Life ◽  
Live Tissue ◽  
Main Component Analysis ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Peach Trees

ABSTRACT Peach Tree Short Life (PTSL) is a syndrome characterized by a plant collapse at the end of dormancy, which causes include several biotic and abiotic components. The aim of this study was to assess the C/N ratio and bark nutrients in symptomatic and asymptomatic short-life peach trees. Live tissue portions were removed from the bark of the main scaffolds of symptomatic and asymptomatic adjacent trees in nine commercial peach orchards located in Pelotas and Canguçu, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In laboratory, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium(Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B) contents and C/N ratio were determined. The main component analysis of the study variables did not allow the formation of different groups between symptomatic and asymptomatic short-life peach trees. Peach trees with visible PTSL symptoms had higher N, P and K contents and lower C/N ratio in the bark of the main scaffolds in the early sprouting season.

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