Influence of Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Freezing Temperatures on Sugar Beet Roots in Storage

Rhizomania caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) is a yield-limiting sugar beet disease that was observed to influence root resistance to freezing in storage. Thus, studies were conducted to gain a better understanding of the influence of BNYVV and freezing on sugar beet roots to improve pile management decisions. Roots from five commercial sugar beet cultivars (one susceptible and four resistant to BNYVV) were produced in fields under high and trace levels of rhizomania pressure and subjected to storage using five temperature regimes ranging from 0 to −4.4°C for 24 h. After cold treatment, eight-root samples were stored in a commercial indoor storage building (set point 1.1°C) for 50 days in 2014 and 57 days in 2015. Internal root temperature, frozen and discolored tissue, and moisture and sucrose loss were evaluated. The air temperature at 0, −1.1, and −2.2°C matched internal root temperature but internal root remained near −2.2°C when air temperature was dropped to −3.3 and −4.4°C. In a susceptible cultivar produced under high rhizomania pressure, the percentage of frozen tissue increased (P < 0.0001) from an average of 0 to 7% at 0, −1.1, and −2.2°C up to 16 to 63% at −3.3°C and 63 to 90% at −4.4°C, depending on year. Roots from the susceptible cultivar produced under low rhizomania pressure and those from the resistant cultivars from both fields only had elevated (P ≤ 0.05) frozen tissue at −4.4°C in 15 of 18 cultivar–year combinations. Frozen tissue was related to discolored tissue (r2 = 0.91), weight loss (r2 = 0.12 to 0.28), and sucrose reduction (r2 = 0.69 to 0.74). Consequently, BNYVV will not only lead to yield and sucrose loss in susceptible sugar beet cultivars but also to more frozen root tissue as temperatures drop below −2.2°C. Based on these observations, the air used to cool roots in nonfrozen sugar beet piles throughout the winter should not drop below −2.2°C to maximize sucrose retention.

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Postharvest Storage Losses Associated with Rhizomania in Sugar Beet

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-4-0575 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 575-580 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

L. G. Campbell ◽

K. L. Klotz ◽

L. J. Smith

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Respiration Rate ◽

Invert Sugar ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Sugar Concentration ◽

Postharvest Storage ◽

Postharvest Losses ◽

Storage Losses ◽

Respiration Rates ◽

Sucrose Loss

During storage of sugar beet, respiration and rots consume sucrose and produce invert sugar. Diseases that occur in the field can affect the magnitude of these losses. This research examines the storage of roots with rhizomania (caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus) and the effectiveness of rhizomania-resistant hybrids in reducing postharvest losses. Roots of susceptible hybrids from sites with rhizomania had respiration rates 30 days after harvest (DAH) that ranged from 0.68 to 2.79 mg of CO2 kg–1 h–1 higher than roots of the resistant hybrids. This difference ranged from 2.60 to 13.88 mg of CO2 kg–1 h–1 120 DAH. Roots of resistant hybrids from sites with rhizomania had 18 kg more sucrose per ton than roots from susceptible hybrids 30 DAH, with this difference increasing to 55 kg Mg–1 120 DAH. The invert sugar concentration of susceptible hybrids from sites with rhizomania ranged from 8.38 to 287 g per 100 g of sucrose higher than that for resistant hybrids 120 DAH. In contrast, differences between susceptible and resistant hybrids in respiration rate, sucrose loss, and invert sugar concentration in the absence of rhizomania were relatively small. Storage losses due to rhizomania can be minimized by planting resistant hybrids and processing roots from fields with rhizomania soon after harvest.

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Interactions Between Beet necrotic yellow vein virus and Beet soilborne mosaic virus in Sugar Beet

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.10.1170 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (10) ◽

pp. 1170-1175 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

G. C. Wisler ◽

R. T. Lewellen ◽

J. L. Sears ◽

J. W. Wasson ◽

H.-Y. Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Mosaic Virus ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Mixed Infections ◽

Polymyxa Betae ◽

Susceptible Cultivar ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Virus Content

Soils naturally infested with cultures of aviruliferous Polymyxa betae and viruliferous P. betae carrying two sugar beet benyviruses, Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and Beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV), alone and in combination, were compared with noninfested soil for their effects on seedling emergence, plant fresh weight, and virus content as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Studies examined sugar beet with and without resistance to the disease rhizomania, caused by BNYVV. The Rz gene, conferring resistance to BNYVV, did not confer resistance to BSBMV. BSBMV ELISA values were significantly higher in single infections than in mixed infections with BNYVV, in both the rhizomania-resistant and -susceptible cultivars. In contrast, ELISA values of BNYVV were high (8 to 14 times the healthy mean) in single and mixed infections in the rhizomania-susceptible cultivar, but were low (approximately three times the healthy mean) in the rhizomania-resistant cultivar. Results indicate BNYVV may suppress BSBMV in mixed infections, even in rhizomania-resistant cultivars in which ELISA values for BNYVV are extremely low. Soils infested with P. betae, and with one or both viruses, showed significantly reduced fresh weight of seedlings, and aviruliferous P. betae significantly decreased sugar beet growth in assays.

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Beet necrotic yellow vein virus genome reassortments in a resistant sugar beet variety showing–in a small area in France–strong rhizomania symptoms

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection ◽

10.1007/bf03356279 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 7-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. Koenig ◽

B. Holtschulte ◽

G. Deml ◽

P. Lüddecke ◽

S. Schuhmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Small Area ◽

Virus Genome ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Sugar Beet Variety

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First Report of Rhizomania Disease of Sugar Beet Caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus in the Great Lakes Production Region

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2003.87.2.201c ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 201-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

William M. Wintermantel ◽

Teresa Crook ◽

Ralph Fogg

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Great Lakes ◽

Beta Vulgaris ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Great Lakes Region ◽

Polymyxa Betae ◽

Mechanical Inoculation ◽

Production Region ◽

Das Elisa

Rhizomania, caused by Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) and vectored by the soilborne fungus Polymyxa betae Keskin, is one of the most economically damaging diseases affecting sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The virus likely originated in Europe and was first identified in California in 1983 (1). It has since spread among American sugar beet production regions in spite of vigorous sanitation efforts, quarantine, and disease monitoring (3). In the fall of 2002, mature sugar beet plants exhibiting typical rhizomania root symptoms, including proliferation of hairy roots, vascular discoloration, and some root constriction (2) were found in several fields scattered throughout central and eastern Michigan. Symptomatic beets were from numerous cultivars, all susceptible to rhizomania. Two to five sugar beet root samples were collected from each field and sent to the USDA-ARS in Salinas, CA for analysis. Hairy root tissue from symptomatic plants was used for mechanical inoculation of indicator plants. Mechanical inoculation produced necrotic lesions on Chenopodium quinoa and systemic infection of Beta vulgaris ssp. macrocarpa, both typical of BNYVV and identical to control inoculations with BNYVV. Symptomatic sugar beet roots were washed and tested using double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) for the presence of BNYVV using standard procedures and antiserum specific for BNYVV (3). Sugar beet roots were tested individually, and samples were considered positive when absorbance values were at least three times those of greenhouse-grown healthy sugar beet controls. Samples were tested from 16 fields, with 10 confirmed positive for BNYVV. Positive samples had mean absorbance values ranging from 0.341 to 1.631 (A405nm) after 30 min. The mean healthy control value was 0.097. Fields were considered positive if one beet tested positive for BNYVV, but in most cases, all beets tested from a field were uniformly positive or uniformly negative. In addition, soil-baiting experiments were conducted on seven of the fields. Sugar beet seedlings were grown in soil mixed with equal parts of sand for 6 weeks and were subsequently tested using DAS-ELISA for BNYVV. Results matched those of the root sampling. Fields testing positive for BNYVV were widely dispersed within a 100 square mile (160 km2) area including portions of Gratiot, Saginaw, Tuscola, and Sanilac counties in the central and eastern portions of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The confirmation of rhizomania in sugar beet from the Great Lakes Region marks the last major American sugar beet production region to be diagnosed with rhizomania disease, nearly 20 years after its discovery in California (1). In 2002, there were approximately 185,000 acres (approximately 75,00 ha) of sugar beet grown in the Great Lakes Region, (Michigan, Ohio, and southern Ontario, Canada). The wide geographic distribution of infested fields within the Michigan growing area suggests the entire region should monitor for symptoms, increase rotation to nonhost crops, and consider planting rhizomania resistant sugar beet cultivars to infested fields. References:(1) J. E. Duffus et al. Plant Dis. 68:251, 1984. (2) J. E. Duffus. Rhizomania. Pages 29–30 in: Compendium of Beet Diseases and Insects, E. D. Whitney and J. E. Duffus eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1986. (3) G. C. Wisler et al. Plant Dis. 83:864, 1999.

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Estimation of development times for immature stages of the bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae), and their simulation from air temperature and solar radiation records

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300045934 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 73-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

W. G. Vogt ◽

J.M. Walker ◽

S Runko

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Adult Development ◽

Development Rate ◽

Immature Stages ◽

Rate Model ◽

Development Times ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Non Linear ◽

Constant And Fluctuating Temperature

AbstractImmature stages of bush fly, Musca vetustissima Walker, were reared at constant temperatures ranging from 18°C to 39°C. Mean egg to adult development times ranged from 7.0 to 25.8 days. Eggs, larval instars I, II and III, and pupae averaged, respectively, 3.1, 4.4, 5.5, 36.4 and 50.6% of the total development time. Mean development rate was a non-linear function of temperature. A non-linear development rate model accurately estimated mean development times of immature stages under both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes. Simulation of dung pad temperatures, from air temperature and solar radiation records, predicted development times of soil- and dunginhabiting stages of M. vetustissima to within 4% of those observed under field conditions.

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Effects of Soil Properties on the Occurrence of Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus and Beet Soilborne Virus on Sugar Beet in Tokat, Turkey

Plant Pathology Journal ◽

10.3923/ppj.2004.56.60 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 56-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nazli Dide Kutlu ◽

Yusuf Yanar . ◽

Hikmet Gunal . ◽

Semih Erkan .

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Yellow Vein

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Pathogenetic roles of beet necrotic yellow vein virus RNA5 in the exacerbation of symptoms and yield reduction, development of scab‐like symptoms, and Rz1 ‐resistance breaking in sugar beet

Plant Pathology ◽

10.1111/ppa.13266 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 219-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tetsuo Tamada ◽

Hirokatsu Uchino ◽

Toshimi Kusume ◽

Minako Iketani‐Saito ◽

Sotaro Chiba ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sugar Beet ◽

Yellow Vein ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Resistance Breaking ◽

Exacerbation Of Symptoms

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Environmental Control of Flowering of Boronia megastigma (Rutaceae) and Hypocalymma angustifolium (Myrtaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt9940219 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 219 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

JS Day ◽

BR Loveys ◽

D Aspinall

Keyword(s):

Temperature Regime ◽

Flower Development ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Environmental Control ◽

Night Temperature ◽

Root Temperature ◽

Aerial Parts ◽

Temperature Regimes ◽

Controlled Flowering

The flowering responses of Boronia megastigma Nees (Rutacae) and Hypocalymma angustifolium Endl. (Myrtaceae) to different photoperiod and temperature regimes were similar despite the fact that these species are from different families. No flowers reached anthesis in a temperature regime of 25°C day/17°C night but flowering of both species occurred in a cool temperatures (17°C day/9°C night). Photoperiod had no effect on flowering at the temperatures tested. Ten weeks of cool temperatures (17°C day/9°C night) were required for a maximum number of flowers to reach anthesis on H. angustifolium plants whereas B. megastigma plants required 15 weeks. Flower development in both species was inhibited by a large difference between day and night temperature (21°C day/5°C night) and promoted if the day/night difference was reversed (9°C day/17°C night). The temperature of the aerial parts of the plant controlled flowering, whereas vegetative growth was controlled by root temperature. Therefore, while a reduction in vegetative growth naturally coincides with the production of flowers, these events are not necessarily linked.

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