scholarly journals First Report of Fruit Rot of Olives Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea in Tunisia

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 770-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chattaoui ◽  
A. Rhouma ◽  
S. Krid ◽  
M. Ali Triki ◽  
J. Moral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Botryosphaeria Dothidea ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar Medium ◽  
Olive Fruit ◽  
First Report ◽  
Brown Color

During the summer of 2010, unfamiliar symptoms of fruit rot were frequently observed on different Tunisian olive (Olea europaea) cultivars. These symptoms appeared to be associated with the damage caused by the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae). At first, infected olives showed a brown color and then fruits begin to depress until they become completely mummified and fall immaturely. This problem was more pronounced on table olive cultivars (Ascolana, Meski, and Picholine) in the northern Tunisian regions (Nabeul), with an infection incidence of 65%. Infected Ascolana olives were disinfected with 70% ethanol for 2 min, rinsed in sterile distilled water, and air dried. Several pieces were cut and placed on acidified (2.5 ml of a 25% [vol/vol] solution of lactic acid per liter of medium) potato dextrose agar medium (PDA). All plates were incubated at 25°C for 4 days under continuous fluorescent light. A fast-growing fungus with an abundant, aerial mycelium, which was gradually veering from white to dark gray, was constantly isolated. On the reverse side of the colonies, an olive green coloration spread to the edge and became darker from the center until the underside was completely black. Conidia produced on the PDA plate were hyaline, single or double cell, ellipsoid, with a subobtuse apex and a truncate base, and averaged 22.70 × 5.32 μm. Conidiophores were hyaline, cylindrical, smooth, branched at the base, with an average of 14 to 24 × 2 to 3 μm. Pathogenicity of an isolate was conducted by dipping 20 olives wounded by a sterilized scalpel in a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml), covering inoculated olives with moisture filter paper, and incubating them in a polyethylene bag under darkness at 25°C. Controls however, were wounded and dipped in sterile distillated water. Seven days after the inoculation, olives showed a brown color covering half of the fruit. Later (15 days after), this browning was accentuated and several black pycnidia were observed. Forty days after inoculation, fruits were completely dried out and the kernel was already appearing. Controls, however, remained totally healthy. Koch's postulates was then verified and showed that pure cultures were obtained after reisolations from inoculated olives, whereas the controls were free of the fungus. BLAST analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of rDNA of one isolate showed 99% identity with the ITS sequence of Botryosphaeria dothidea (GenBank Accession No. FM955381.1). Species of the family of Botryosphaeriaceae are common pathogens causing fruit rot and dieback of many woody plants (3). Drupe rot problem caused by B. dothidea was reported on olives in Greece (4) and southern Italy (2). It was reported that the fungus invades the drupes through the wounds caused by the olive fruit fly and may even be transmitted by it (1), and recently Moral et al. (3) suggested that the olive fruit fly is essential for the initiation of the disease on the fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of fruit rot of olives caused by B. dothidea in Tunisia. References: (1) N. González et al. Bol. San. Veg. Plagas 32:709, 2006. (2) C. Lazzizera et al. Plant Pathol. 57:948, 2008. (3) J. Moral et al. Phytopathology 100:1340, 2010. (4) A. J. L Phillips et al. Mycopathology 159:433, 2005.

scholarly journals First Report of Diaporthe hongkongensis Causing Fruit rot on Peach (Prunus persica) in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhou Zhang ◽  
Zheng Bing Zhang ◽  
Yuan Tai Huang ◽  
FeiXiang Wang ◽  
Wei Hua Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Representative Isolate ◽  
Rot Disease

Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] is an important deciduous fruit tree in the family Rosaceae and is a widely grown fruit in China (Verde et al., 2013). In July and August 2018, a fruit rot disease was observed in a few peach orchards in Zhuzhou city, the Hunan Province of China. Approximately 30% of the fruit in more than 400 trees was affected. Symptoms displayed were brown necrotic spots that expanded, coalesced, and lead to fruit being rotten. Symptomatic tissues excised from the margins of lesions were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 10 s, 0.1% HgCl2 for 2 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water three times, and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 26°C in the dark. Fungal colonies with similar morphology developed, and eight fungal colonies were isolated for further identification. Colonies grown on PDA were grayish-white with white aerial mycelium. After an incubation period of approximately 3 weeks, pycnidia developed and produced α-conidia and β-conidia. The α-conidia were one-celled, hyaline, fusiform, and ranged in size from 6.0 to 8.4 × 2.1 to 3.1 μm, whereas the β-conidia were filiform, hamate, and 15.0 to 27.0 × 0.8 to 1.6 μm. For molecular identification, total genomic DNA was extracted from the mycelium of a representative isolate HT-1 and the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), β-tubulin gene (TUB), translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), calmodulin (CAL), and histone H3 gene (HIS) were amplified and sequenced (Meng et al. 2018). The ITS, TUB, TEF1, CAL and HIS sequences (GenBank accession nos. MT740484, MT749776, MT749778, MT749777, and MT749779, respectively) were obtained and in analysis by BLAST against sequences in NCBI GenBank, showed 99.37 to 100% identity with D. hongkongensis or D. lithocarpus (the synonym of D. hongkongensis) (Gao et al., 2016) (GenBank accession nos. MG832540.1 for ITS, LT601561.1 for TUB, KJ490551.1 for HIS, KY433566.1 for TEF1, and MK442962.1 for CAL). Pathogenicity tests were performed on peach fruits by inoculation of mycelial plugs and conidial suspensions. In one set, 0.5 mm diameter mycelial discs, which were obtained from an actively growing representative isolate of the fungus on PDA, were placed individually on the surface of each fruit. Sterile agar plugs were used as controls. In another set, each of the fruits was inoculated by application of 1 ml conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) by a spray bottle. Control assays were carried out with sterile distilled water. All treatments were maintained in humid chambers at 26°C with a 12-h photoperiod. The inoculation tests were conducted twice, with each one having three fruits as replications. Six days post-inoculation, symptoms of fruit rot were observed on inoculated fruits, whereas no symptoms developed on fruits treated with agar plugs and sterile water. The fungus was re-isolated and identified to be D. hongkongensis by morphological and molecular methods, thus fulfilling Koch’s Postulates. This fungus has been reported to cause fruit rot on kiwifruit (Li et al. 2016) and is also known to cause peach tree dieback in China (Dissanayake et al. 2017). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of D. hongkongensis causing peach fruit rot disease in China. The identification of the pathogen will provide important information for growers to manage this disease.

scholarly journals First report of Fusarium incarnatum causing fruit rot of litchi in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoyin Gao ◽  
Jiaobao Wang ◽  
Zhengke Zhang ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Deqiang Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Single Spore ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Litchi Fruit ◽  
His3 Gene

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is an indigenous tropical and subtropical fruit in Southern China with an attractive appearance, delicious taste, and good nutritional value (Jiang et al. 2003). In March 2020, brown rots were observed on nearly ripe litchi fruits (cv. Guihuaxiang) in an orchard of Lingshui county, Hainan province of China (18.615877° N, 109.948871° E). About 5% fruits were symptomatic in the field, and the disease caused postharvest losses during storage. The initial infected fruits had no obvious symptoms on the outer pericarp surfaces, but appeared irregular, brown to black-brown lesions in the inner pericarps around the pedicels. Then lesions expanded and became brown rots. Small tissues (4 mm × 4 mm) of fruit pericarps were cut from symptomatic fruits, surface-sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, rinsed in sterilized water three times, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated at 28℃ in the darkness. Morphologically similar colonies were isolated from 85% of 20 samples after 4 days of incubation. Ten isolates were purified using a single-spore isolation method. The isolates grown on PDA had abundant, fluffy, whitish to yellowish aerial mycelia, and the reverse side of the Petri dish was pale brown. Morphological characteristics of conidia were further determined on carnation leaf-piece agar (CLA) (Leslie et al. 2006). Macroconidia were straight to slightly curved, 3- to 5-septates with a foot-shaped basal cell, tapered at the apex, 2.70 to 4.43 µm × 18.63 to 37.58 µm (3.56 ± 0.36 × 28.68 ± 4.34 µm) (n = 100). Microconidia were fusoid to ovoid, 0- to 1-septate, 2.10 to 3.57 µm × 8.18 to 18.20 µm (2.88 ± 0.34 × 11.71 ± 1.97 µm) (n = 100). Chlamydospores on hyphae singly or in chains were globose, subglobose, or ellipsoidal. Based on cultural features and morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as a Fusarium species (Leslie et al. 2006). To further confirm the pathogen, DNA was extracted from the 7-day-old aerial mycelia of three isolates (LZ-1, LZ-3, and LZ-5) following Chohan et al. (2019). The sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA (ITS), translation elongation factor-1 alpha (tef1) gene, and histone H3 (his3) gene were partially amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1-728F/EF1-986R, and CYLH3F/CYLH3R, respectively (Funnell-Harris et al. 2017). The nucleotide sequences were deposited in GenBank (ITS: 515 bp, MW029882, 533 bp, MW092186, and 465 bp, MW092187; tef1: 292 bp, MW034437, 262 bp, MW159143, and 292 bp, MW159141; his3: 489 bp, MW034438, 477 bp, MW159142, and 474 bp, MW159140). The ITS, tef1, and his3 genes showed 99-100% similarity with the ITS (MH979697), tef1 (MH979698), and his3 (MH979696) genes, respectively of Fusarium incarnatum (TG0520) from muskmelon fruit. The phylogenetic analysis of the tef1 and his3 gene sequences showed that the three isolates clustered with F. incarnatum. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by spraying conidial suspension (1×106 conidia/ml) on wounded young fruits in the orchid. Negative controls were sprayed with sterilized water. Fruits were bagged with polythene bags for 24 hours and then unbagged for 10 days. Each treatment had 30 fruits. The inoculated fruits developed symptoms similar to those observed in the orchard and showed light brown lesions on the outer pericarp surfaces and irregular, brown to black-brown lesions in the inner pericarps, while the fruits of negative control remained symptomless. The same fungus was successfully recovered from symptomatic fruits, and thus, the test for the Koch’s postulates was completed. F. semitectum (synonym: F. incarnatum) (Saha et al. 2005), F. oxysporum (Bashar et al. 2012), and F. moniliforme (Rashid et al. 2015) have been previously reported as pathogens causing litchi fruit rots in India and Bangladesh. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium incarnatum causing litchi fruit rot in China.

scholarly journals First report of Baryscapus silvestrii in Calabria, Italy (Chalcidoidea Eulophidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Veronica Vizzarri ◽  
Carmine Novellis ◽  
Pierluigi Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Southern Italy ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Bactrocera Oleae ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Olive Fruit ◽  
First Report ◽  
Calabria Region ◽  
First Time

The eulophid Baryscapus silvestrii Viggiani & Bernardo is reported for the first time in the Calabria region (Southern Italy). Adults of the eulophid emerged in September 2019 from olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Diptera Tephritidae) puparia detected during a survey in an experimental olive groove in Mirto Crosia in Cosenza province.

scholarly journals First Report of Bipolaris cactivora Causing Flower Rot of Pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis) in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Qiu ◽  
Jinsong Yang ◽  
Changping Xie ◽  
Xi Li ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Subunit ◽  
South Florida ◽  
Fungal Isolate ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Dark Green

Pitaya (Hylocereus costaricensis), belonging to the Cactaceae family, has rich functional substances, such as a variety of amino acids, which are popular with consumers (Wichienchot et al. 2010). In May 2019, flowers showed symptoms of rot, with an incidence of 15% in a plantation (233.3 ha) in Changjiang (19°46′N; 108°93′E) (Hainan province), China. The initial disease symptoms of flower were small scattered purple-red spot (1~2 mm), including circular, long oval or irregular in shape. The spots were gradually expanded and coalesced, forming abundant reddish-brown lesions. Later, this disease resulted in rotting and blackening of the whole flower. Many black mildew layers (conidiophores and conidia) on the surface of the lesions were observed under compound microscopy. Symptomatic flower tissue (4 cm2) from collecting samples was disinfected in 75% ethanol for 25 s, followed by 1 min in 5% sodium hypochlorite, rinsed 3 times with sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for 3 days, and incubated at 28ºC. A fungus was consistently isolated from symptomatic flower samples with 90% isolation rate. Resultant colony of the fungus was circular, dark green, velvety, hairy, after 7 days, incubated at 28ºC. Hyphae were septate, 6.2-8.9 μm (average 7.6±0.5) in diameter. Conidia were straight, obclavate, pale to mid brown, 2-6 septate, 23.0 to 42.2 μm (average 31.0±3.2) × 6.5 to 9.8 μm (average 8.0±0.6) (n = 100). The conidia were normally produced germ tubes from one end or both ends. The width of conidiophore was 5.1 to 6.6 μm (average 5.8±0.4) (n = 50). Sequences were generated from the isolate using primers for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) (ITS1/ITS4) (White et al. 1990), ribosomal large subunit (LSU) (LROR/LR5) (Vilgalys et al. 1990), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (GPD1/GPD2) (Berbee et al. 1999) loci. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank with accession numbers MN960109, MN966852, and MT542865. BLAST analysis demonstrated that these sequences were 99% similar to ITS (HM193535), LSU (MH869295), and GAPDH (HM598681) of Bipolaris cactivora. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis based on combined dataset of ITS, LSU, and GAPDH sequences using MEGA7.0 revealed that the isolate was placed in the same clade as B. cactivora with 100% bootstrap support. A conidial suspension (1 × 105 conidia/ml) of the fungal isolate was prepared by harvesting conidia from pure culture of the fungus grown on PDA 25 days. The 10 mL suspension was sprayed onto ten flowers with no wounding. Ten additional flowers sprayed with sterile distilled water were served as controls. All flowers were covered with plastic bags to maintain high humidity and incubated under natural condition. Typical symptoms of purple-red spot were observed on all the inoculated flowers on the third day. Abundant dark-brown to dark lesions were observed on the surface of flowers and were similar to those observed on the naturally infected flowers after 5 days. The control flowers remained asymptomatic. The fungal isolate of B. cactivora was reisolated from lesion of the flowers and reidentified by morphological and molecular characteristics, thus fulfilled Koch’s postulates. Pathogenicity tests were repeated thrice with the same results. B. cactivora had been reported causing flowers and fruit rot of pitaya in South Florida (Tarnowski et al. 2010). This is the first report of B. cactivora causing flower rot of pitaya (H. costaricensis) in China. The flower rot may provide inoculum for the fruit rot, which will cause reduction of pitaya yield.

Dynamics of oil quality parameters changes related to olive fruit fly attack

2010 ◽  
Vol 112 (9) ◽  
pp. 1033-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivera Koprivnjak ◽  
Ivana Dminić ◽  
Urška Kosić ◽  
Valerija Majetić ◽  
Sara Godena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Quality ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Olive Fruit Fly ◽  
Olive Fruit

scholarly journals First Report of Pepper Fruit Rot Caused by Fusarium concentricum in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1657-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Wang ◽  
Z. H. Feng ◽  
Z. Han ◽  
S. Q. Song ◽  
S. H. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Conidial Suspension ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
First Report ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Pepper Fruit ◽  
Fruit Samples

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Some Fusarium species can cause pepper fruit rot, leading to significant yield losses of pepper production and, for some Fusarium species, potential risk of mycotoxin contamination. A total of 106 diseased pepper fruit samples were collected from various pepper cultivars from seven provinces (Gansu, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shandong, Shanghai, and Zhejiang) in China during the 2012 growing season, where pepper production occurs on approximately 25,000 ha. Pepper fruit rot symptom incidence ranged from 5 to 20% in individual fields. Symptomatic fruit tissue was surface-sterilized in 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min, dipped in 70% ethanol for 30 s, then rinsed in sterilized distilled water three times, dried, and plated in 90 mm diameter petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). After incubation for 5 days at 28°C in the dark, putative Fusarium colonies were purified by single-sporing. Forty-three Fusarium strains were isolated and identified to species as described previously (1,2). Morphological characteristics of one strain were identical to those of F. concentricum. Aerial mycelium was reddish-white with an average growth rate of 4.2 to 4.3 mm/day at 25°C in the dark on PDA. Pigments in the agar were formed in alternating red and orange concentric rings. Microconidia were 0- to 1-septate, mostly 0-septate, and oval, obovoid to allantoid. Macroconidia were relatively slender with no significant curvature, 3- to 5-septate, with a beaked apical cell and a foot-shaped basal cell. To confirm the species identity, the partial TEF gene sequence (646 bp) was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KC816735). A BLASTn search with TEF gene sequences in NCBI and the Fusarium ID databases revealed 99.7 and 100% sequence identity, respectively, to known TEF sequences of F. concentricum. Thus, both morphological and molecular criteria supported identification of the strain as F. concentricum. This strain was deposited as Accession MUCL 54697 (http://bccm.belspo.be/about/mucl.php). Pathogenicity of the strain was confirmed by inoculating 10 wounded, mature pepper fruits that had been harvested 70 days after planting the cultivar Zhongjiao-5 with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml), as described previously (3). A control treatment consisted of inoculating 10 pepper fruits of the same cultivar with sterilized distilled water. The fruit were incubated at 25°C in a moist chamber, and the experiment was repeated independently in triplicate. Initially, green to dark brown lesions were observed on the outer surface of inoculated fruit. Typical soft-rot symptoms and lesions were observed on the inner wall when the fruit were cut open 10 days post-inoculation. Some infected seeds in the fruits were grayish-black and covered by mycelium, similar to the original fruit symptoms observed at the sampling sites. The control fruit remained healthy after 10 days of incubation. The same fungus was isolated from the inoculated infected fruit using the method described above, but no fungal growth was observed from the control fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. concentricum causing a pepper fruit rot. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95:2044, 1998. (3) Y. Yang et al. 2011. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 151:150, 2011.

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