A Review of Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening) Management in Citrus Using Nutritional Approaches in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulu Xia ◽  
Gecheng Ouyang ◽  
Ronald A. Sequeira ◽  
Yu Takeuchi ◽  
Ignacio Baez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Maxima ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

The Asian form of huanglongbing (HLB) is caused by ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las),’ a phloem-limited bacterium transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. Nutrient management, together with other cultural practices such as pruning and irrigation, for mitigation of the disease has been practiced in China for many years. Our literature review, field survey, and interviews with Chinese scientists and growers indicate that these cultural practices were generally ineffective for the disease management. However, a nutritional approach in conjunction with other cultural practices such as irrigation can maintain grove productivity for a certain time depending on the type of citrus species/cultivars, the age of the trees, the propagation method of the plants, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) population, and other factors. Symptomatic mature pommelo (Citrus maxima Merr) and sweet orange (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) plants can commonly survive and maintain a certain level of productivity for an additional 4 to 5 years, even longer assuming vigorous ACP control. Accepted for publication 27 June 2011. Published 3 October 2011.

scholarly journals Tracing Penicillin Movement in Citrus Plants Using Fluorescence-Labeled Penicillin

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 262
Author(s):  
Nabil Killiny ◽  
Pedro Gonzalez-Blanco ◽  
Yulica Santos-Ortega ◽  
Fuad Al-Rimawi ◽  
Amit Levy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

Huánglóngbìng (HLB), citrus greening, is one of the most destructive diseases of citrus plants worldwide. In North America, HLB is caused by the phloem-limited bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. No cure exists at present, and the use of antibiotics for the control of HLB has gained interest due to the significant losses to the citrus industry. Because of unsatisfactory results when using foliar applications of antibiotics, concerns were raised regarding the uptake and translocation of these materials within trees. We, therefore, investigated a method that allows us to study the movement of antibiotic materials in citrus plants. Herein, we utilized a fluorescence-labeled penicillin, BOCILLIN™ FL-Penicillin (FL-penicillin), to study the uptake and translocation of penicillin in citrus plants. FL-penicillin was applied by puncture to the stem of young citrus seedlings and was traced by using fluorescence microscopy. After application, we detected FL-penicillin in the leaves and in the stem xylem and phloem tissues above and below the application site in both intact and partially bark-girdled citrus seedlings, indicating that it is easily taken up and transported through the plant vascular system. In addition, we detected FL-penicillin in the gut of D. citri, which were allowed to feed on the treated plants, suggesting translocation of this molecule into the vascular tissue. We propose that the use of fluorescent-labeled molecules could be an effective tool for understanding the uptake and translocation of antibiotics and other macromolecules in plants and insects.

scholarly journals Murraya paniculata and Swinglea glutinosa as Short-Term Transient Hosts of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and Implications for the Spread of Huanglongbing

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (12) ◽  
pp. 2064-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Camilo Cifuentes-Arenas ◽  
George Andrew Charles Beattie ◽  
Leandro Peña ◽  
Silvio Aparecido Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Principal Vector ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Valencia Orange ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
Citrus Rootstock ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus

Murraya paniculata and Swinglea glutinosa are aurantioid hosts of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri, the principal vector of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (Las). Las is the pathogen associated with huanglongbing (HLB), the Asian form of which is the most devastating disease of Citrus species and cultivars (Rutaceae: Aurantioideae). M. paniculata is a common ornamental and S. glutinosa is grown as an ornamental, a citrus rootstock, and a hedgerow fence plant. Because of the uncertain status of these plants as reservoirs of Las, a series of cross-inoculation bioassays were carried out in different environments, using infected Valencia sweet orange (Citrus × aurantium) infected shoot tops as a source of inoculum and D. citri nymphs and adults reared on M. paniculata and S. glutinosa to inoculate pathogen-free Valencia orange plantlets. In contrast to sweet orange, Las was more unevenly distributed and reached much lower titers in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa. Infections in M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were also transient. Very few insects that successfully acquired Las from M. paniculata and S. glutinosa were able to transmit the pathogen to healthy citrus. Transmission rates were low from M. paniculata (1.0%) and S. glutinosa (2.0%) and occurred only in a controlled environment highly favorable to Las and ACP using 10-day-old adults that completed their life cycle on Las-positive plants. Our study showed that in HLB-endemic areas, M. paniculata and S. glutinosa can be deemed as epidemiologically dead-end hosts for Las and are not important alternative hosts of the pathogen for transmission to citrus. However, under a combination of conditions highly favorable to Las infection and transmission and in the absence of effective quarantine procedures, these plants could eventually serve as carriers of Las to regions currently free from HLB.

Prevalent transmission of 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ over ‘Ca. Liberibacter americanus’ in a long-term controlled environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cândida de Godoy Gasparoto ◽  
Isabela Vescove Primiano ◽  
Renato Bassanezi ◽  
Silvia Afonseca Lourenço ◽  
Luiz Montesino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Citrus Orchards ◽  
Test Plants

In Brazil, citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter americanus’ (CLam) and ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas). However, there are few studies about HLB epidemiology when both Liberibacter spp. and its insect vector, the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri), are present. The objective of this work was to compare the transmission of HLB by ACP when both CLam and CLas are present as primary inoculum. Two experiments were performed under screenhouse conditions from April 2008 to January 2012 (experiment 1) and from February 2011 to December 2015 (experiment 2). The experiments were carried out with sweet orange plants infected with CLam or CLas as inoculum source surrounded by sweet orange healthy plants. One hundred Liberibacter-free adult psyllids were monthly confined to the source of inoculum plants for 7 days with subsequent free movement inside the screenhouse. Fortnightly, nymphs and adults of psyllids were monitored. Psyllid and leaf samples were collected periodically for Liberibacter detection by PCR or qPCR. CLas was detected more frequently than CLam in both psyllid and leaf samples. No mixed infections were detected in the psyllids. A clear prevalence of CLas over CLam was observed in both experiments. The final HLB incidences were 16.7 and 14.5% of Liberibacter-positive test plants, and CLas was detected in 92.3 and 93.1% of these infected plants. Mixed infection was observed only in 3.8% of infected test plants in experiment 1. These results endorse the shift in the prevalence of CLam to CLas observed in citrus orchards of São Paulo, Brazil.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Titers in New Shoots of Citrus in Distinct Environments

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 583-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvio A. Lopes ◽  
Fernanda Q. B. F. Luiz ◽  
Hermes T. Oliveira ◽  
Juan C. Cifuentes-Arenas ◽  
Laudecir L. Raiol-Junior
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Cumulative Rainfall ◽  
Data Loggers ◽  
Minas Gerais State ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The major citrus area of Brazil occupies near 450,000 ha between the Triângulo Mineiro (TM) region of Minas Gerais State and the south of São Paulo State (SPS). Significant climatic variation occurs between regions which could affect huanglongbing (HLB) progress, which is lower in TM. To investigate this possibility, young sweet orange shoots were sampled periodically over 2 years to determine ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ titers in naturally infected trees in orchards in Analândia, central SPS, and Frutal and Comendador Gomes, within TM. Data-loggers recorded local temperature and relative humidity hourly. In the laboratory, five ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-free Diaphorina citri adults were placed on each sampled shoot for 48 h to feed and acquire the pathogen. Shoots and insects were individually analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction to determine ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers. The incidence of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-positive shoots, ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers, and acquisition rates were lower for shoots from Comendador Gomes than those from Frutal or Analândia. Stronger association was observed between ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers and the number of hours below 15°C (h < 15°C) or above 30°C (h > 30°C), and cumulative rainfall registered during the 15 days prior to sampling of shoots on each occasion. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers associated positively with h < 15°C and rainfall and negatively with h > 30°C. The slower spread and lower incidence of HLB in TM may be related to lower incidences of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-positive young shoots and lower titers of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in the same shoots as a consequence of the warmer and drier conditions.

scholarly journals Detection of Asian Citrus Psyllid (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) in Ethiopia: A New Haplotype and its Implication to the Proliferation of Huanglongbing

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 1640-1647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inusa J Ajene ◽  
Fathiya Khamis ◽  
Shifa Ballo ◽  
Gerhard Pietersen ◽  
Barbara van Asch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Coi Gene ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Citrus Greening Disease ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase ◽  
Causal Bacterium

Abstract Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, also known as the Asian citrus psyllid, is a pest of citrus known for its transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Ca. L. asiaticus), the causal bacterium of Huanglongbing. The African citrus triozid Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) has been the putative vector of Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (Ca. L. africanus) which causes the African citrus greening disease, until the recent detection of D. citri on the continent. Following reports of D. citri in Kenya and Tanzania, we surveyed citrus plants to establish the presence/absence of D. citri in Ethiopia in citrus-growing regions ranging from 900 to 2,460 m above sea level (masl). Diaphorina citri adults were detected in five of the surveyed sites in Ethiopia. Adult insects encountered were collected using an aspirator and stored in 97% ethanol. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mt COI) gene of the collected insects was amplified using LepF1/LepR1 primers, and sequences obtained showed low variation, which fell within the acceptable range of species. BLAST was used to query the sequences obtained, and all the sequences linked to D. citri accessions that are available in GenBank. The analysis of the sequences revealed a new haplotype of the species that differs from haplotypes previously reported. Phylogenetic relationships of our samples and other D. citri reference sequences was inferred using the Maximum-likelihood method. Monophyly was observed between the samples and the publicly available sequences from global accessions. This is the first report of the presence of D. citri in Ethiopia.

scholarly journals Uptake, Translocation, and Stability of Oxytetracycline and Streptomycin in Citrus Plants

Antibiotics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fuad Al-Rimawi ◽  
Faraj Hijaz ◽  
Yasser Nehela ◽  
Ozgur Batuman ◽  
Nabil Killiny
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Asian Citrus Psyllid ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
Candidatus Liberibacter ◽  
Effective Program ◽  
Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽  
Root Tissues

Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, is the most destructive disease to the citrus industry. In Florida, it is caused by the bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Recent studies suggested that antibiotics could inhibit the growth of the CLas pathogen in planta. In the current study, we investigated the uptake and translocation of oxytetracycline and streptomycin in citrus seedlings. Oxytetracycline and streptomycin were delivered via root and stem and their level in various tissues was monitored using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxytetracycline and streptomycin were detected in the leaves, xylem, phloem, and root after root drench and stem delivery. High levels of antibiotics were detected in the roots after root drench, whereas high levels of antibiotics were detected in the canopy after stem delivery. The level of oxytetracycline detected in the phloem, xylem, and leaves after root drench was higher than that of streptomycin. Whereas the level of streptomycin in root was higher than that of oxytetracycline, indicating that streptomycin was bound to the xylem tissues. Oxytetracycline and streptomycin were detected in the phloem, xylem, leaves, and root tissues thirty-five days after the root incubation in 200 µg·mL−1 solution. These results demonstrated that oxytetracycline and streptomycin were relatively stable and could inhibit CLas growth for a couple of months in citrus trees. Observations reported in this study regarding the distribution and stability of oxytetracycline and streptomycin in citrus plants could be useful for designing an effective program for the control of HLB disease using antibiotics.

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