Pengaruh Konsentrasi Dan Jenis Gelling Agent Terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Jelly Drink Jeruk Bali (Citrus Maxima)

Jeruk bali (Citrus maxima) mengandung vitamin C 26.36 mg/100 g dan serat 0.32 % b/b Namun, jeruk bali mengandung tanin dan saponin yang menyebabkan adanya rasa pahit pada jeruk bali. Pengolahan jeruk bali menjadi jelly drink diharapkan dapat membantu memenuhi kebutuhan vitamin C dan serat pangan yang berasal dari gelling agent yang ditambahkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi dan jenis gelling agent terhadap sifat fisikokimia jelly drink jeruk bali serta mengetahui formulasi jelly drink jeruk bali dengan kadar serat dan vitamin C tertinggi. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 faktor yaitu konsentrasi gelling agent 0.8%, 1%, dan 1.2% serta jenis gelling agent yaitu kappa karagenan dan jelly powder. Sifat fisikokimia yang diuji adalah vitamin C, serat, viskositas, kadar air, dan pH dengan uji statistik two-way anova. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi gelling agent mempengaruhi sifat fisikokimia jelly drink jeruk bali. Sedangkan, jenis gelling agent mempengaruhi kadar serat, viskositas, dan pH jelly drink jeruk bali. Kadar vitamin C dan serat pangan tertinggi terdapat pada formulasi penambahan kappa karagenan 1.2% dengan vitamin C sebesar 69.27% g/ml dan serat pangan sebesar 0.794% b/b.

KAPASITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SERTA INHIBISI LIPASE DAN KOLESTEROL ESTERASE DARI BUBUK SARI BUAH PAMELO CITRUS MAXIMA KULTIVAR NAMBANGAN SECARA IN VITRO

Jeruk pamelo (Citrus maxima) kultivar Nambangan kaya akan senyawa bioaktif, seperti asam askorbat dan senyawa fenolik (flavonoid, narirutin, naringin, dan neohesperidin). Penelitian terdahulu menemukan bahwa berbagai spesies pamelo menurunkan kadar LDL-c, trigliserida dan kolesterol pada tikus hiperkolesterolemia. Namun, meski memiliki nilai fungsional dan manfaat kesehatan yang tinggi, tingkat konsumsi pamelo masih rendah, kemungkinan karena rasanya yang pahit dan asam. Produk bubuk menjadi solusi masalah ini dan juga dapat dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai aplikasi. Bubuk sari buah lebih praktis dan stabil untuk digunakan. Namun demikian, proses yang digunakan untuk memperoleh serbuk harus mempertimbangkan kandungan senyawa bioaktif. Bubuk sari buah diperoleh dengan pengeringan semprot dengan penambahan bahan penyalut (maltodekstrin/MD DE12 dan gum arab/GA) dari empat formulasi (10: 0, 9: 1, 8: 2, dan 7: 3 MD/GA) dengan konsentrasi dari 15% w/v jus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan rasio bahan penyalut (MD/GA) terhadap senyawa bioaktif sari buah pamelo dan menilai potensi hipolipidemik secara in vitro dalam menghambat lipase pankreas dan kolesterol esterase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas DPPH, total fenolik, total flavonoid, dan asam askorbat tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak bubuk MD/GA 7:3. Nilai IC50 ekstrak 4 bubuk jus buah pamelo terhadap lipase dan kolesterol esterase berkisar antara 211,42-308,40 μg/ml, dan 934,19-1352,05 μg/ml. Nilai IC50 terendah diperoleh dari ekstrak bubuk MD/GA 7:3. Ekstrak bubuk sari buah pamelo menunjukkan efek yang lebih kuat dalam menghambat aktivitas lipase pankreas daripada menghambat kolesterol esterase

Potensi Kulit Jeruk Bali (Citrus Maxima Merr) Sebagai Antibakteri Propionibacterium acne Penyebab Jerawat

Pendahuluan: Jerawat atau sering disebut juga acne vulgaris merupakan peradangan lapisan polisebaseus disertai penyumbatan bahan keratin akibat bakteri Propionibacterium acnes (P.acne). Prevalensi jerawat di Indonesia sebesar 80%-85% pada remaja. Kemunculan jerawat seringkali menimbulkan rasa minder akan penampilan kita. Obat jerawat yang ada dapat menimbulkan efek samping iritasi dan sudah mulai mengalami resistensi sehingga diperlukan alternatif obat lainnya. Produksi Jeruk Bali (Citrus maxima merr) di Indonesia mencapai 511 kg setiap tahunnya dengan berat kulit Jeruk Bali sejumlah 208 kg. Sebesar 50% kulit Jeruk Bali dibuang tanpa diolah kembali padahal memiliki banyak kandungan antioksidan dan antibakteri. Tujuan: mengetahui potensi kulit Jeruk Bali sebagai alternatif antibakteri P.acne penyebab jerawat. Metode: Studi literatur menggunakan artikel penelitian maupun artikel tinjauan pustaka dari jurnal internasional dan nasional dalam 10 tahun terakhir. Diakses dari Pubmed, Garuda, NCBI, dan Google Scholar dengan mengetikan kata kunci. Digunakan 30 artikel terkait dalam penulisan article review ini. Hasil: Antioksidan kulit Jeruk Bali mengganggu metabolisme bakteri dengan menghambat kinerja enzim reverse transkriptase RNA, topoisomerase DNA, transport aktif bakteri, mengganggu regulasi PH, mendenaturasi protein bakteri, merusak membran sel sehingga menghambat replikasi dan menimbulkan kematian bakteri P.acne. Kesimpulan: Kulit Jeruk Bali berpotensi sebagai antibakteri P.acne penyebab jerawat. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut terutama dalam konsentrasi ekstrak dan efek samping yang ditimbulkan.

Enemy or ally: a genomic approach to elucidate the lifestyle of Phyllosticta citrichinaensis

Members of the fungal genus Phyllosticta can colonize a variety of plant hosts, including several Citrus species such as Citrus sinensis (orange), Citrus limon (lemon), and Citrus maxima (pomelo). Some Phyllosticta species have the capacity to cause disease, such as Citrus Black Spot, while others have only been observed as endophytes. Thus far, genomic differences underlying lifestyle adaptations of Phyllosticta species have not yet been studied. Furthermore, the lifestyle of Phyllosticta citrichinaensis is ambiguous, as it has been described as a weak pathogen but Kochs postulates may not have been established and the presence of this species was never reported to cause any crop or economic losses. Here, we examined the genomic differences between pathogenic and endophytic Phyllosticta spp. colonizing Citrus and specifically aimed to elucidate the lifestyle of Phyllosticta citrichinaensis. We found several genomic differences between species of different lifestyles, including groups of genes that were only present in pathogens or endophytes. We also observed that species, based on their carbohydrate active enzymes, group independent of their phylogenetic association, and this clustering correlated with trophy prediction. Phyllosticta citrichinaensis shows an intermediate lifestyle, sharing genomic and phenotypic attributes of both pathogens and endophytes. We thus present the first genomic comparison of multiple citrus-colonizing pathogens and endophytes of the genus Phyllosticta, and therefore provide the basis for further comparative studies into the lifestyle adaptations within this genus.

HUBUNGAN KEKERABATAN FENETIK 7 SPESIES JERUK DI DATARAN TINGGI BENER MERIAH

The study about “Phenetic Relationship of 7 Species of Orange Plants in BenerMeriah Highlands” was inducted back in August until September 2017. The aim of this study is to describe the morphological characterization of 7 species of orange plants in BenerMeriah highlands and to understand the phenetic relationship of 7 species of oranges plant in BenerMeriah highlands. The method used in this study was observation with the type of mixture between qualitative and quantitative. The subjects of this study are 7 species of orange plants, namely: a) Citrus reticulata; b) Citrus amblycarpa; c) Citrus hystrix; d) Citrus nobilis; e) Citrus maxima; f) Citrus sinensis; and g) Citrus aurantifolia. The parameters of this study were the morphological characteristic of stems, leaves, fruits and flowers. The collected data were analyzed descriptively, where the similarities were measured using Similarity Index (SI) and the dissimilarities were measured using Dissimilarity Index (DI) to classify the total of 7 species of orange plants using cluster analysis. According to the morphological characteristics, it could be concluded that there are several differences and similarities among the 7 species of orange plants found in BenerMeriah Regency. The combination of Citrus hystrix with Citrus aurantifolia have the closest phenetic relationship, which have 66 of SI. The other combinations that also have close phenetic relationship are Citrus hystrix with Citrus maxima and Citrus nobilis with Citrus sinensis. The pheneticrelationship that have the highest DI is the combination of Citrus amblycarpa with Citrus maxima, which have 88 of DI

The Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Hyperlipidemia effect of Citrus maxima Fruit Peel extract in Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats

The ethanol extract of Citrus maxima fruit peel was evaluated for its hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic activity in normal and Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, using fasting and glucose tolerance test measurements. Experiments were performed using Thirty-Two Male Wister albino rats randomly divided into 4 groups and each group have 8 animals. Group1 assigned as a control injected with normal saline only. Group 2 assigned as a diabetic control injected with Streptozotocin 50mg/Kg, Group 3 assigned for diabetic + Citrus maxima in a dose of 400mg/Kg, Group 4 is assigned for the diabetic + Citrus maxima in a dose of 600mg/Kg. The Streptozotocin is injected intraperitonially to all animal in the groups except the control group. Blood samples were collected from animal before and at 21th day end of the study period. Body weight, blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and HDL cholesterol were analysed using diagnostic kits. Serum was separated from blood samples collected. In addition oral glucose tolerance test was performed in overnight fasted control animals. Results showed that Citrus maxima extract possesses significant antidiabetic activity against streptozotocin induced diabetic rats by decreasing blood glucose levels, maintaining body weight, and serum lipid concentrations to approximate normal level. Furthermore, the extract of the title plant possesses dose dependent antidiabetic activity.

Hexosomal Dispersion: A Nano-Based Approach to Boost the Antifungal Potential of Citrus Essential Oils against Plant Fungal Pathogens

The demand for natural fungicides to replace synthetic ones has surged since toxic residues persist in soils, causing environmental contamination and posing a serious threat to worldwide public health. In the context of crop protection and enhancing the efficiency and safety of fungicides, nanotechnology is an eco-friendly strategy in managing fungal pathogens. In the present study, essential oils were isolated from the peels of four citrus fruits (Citrus lemon, Citrus aurantifolia, Citrus maxima, and Citrus sinensis) and were investigated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis. Monoterpene hydrocarbon was the most predominant group and limonene was the most abundant in the four oils. The antifungal potential of the oils was investigated, and the most active oil (Citrus lemon) was loaded into hexosomal dispersion, and its antifungal potential was retested against the same fungi. The structurally unique nano-based formulation showed great potency for fungal control. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time the oil of Citrus lemon in nano-hexosomes has been formulated and its fungicidal activity examined. The data collected suggest that citrus essential oils (CEOs), especially when nano-formulated, could be successfully used in integrated fungus management programs.