The dominance of Fusarium meridionale over F. graminearum causing Gibberella ear rot in Brazil may be due to increased aggressiveness and competitiveness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Jackson Machado ◽  
Paulo Kuhnem ◽  
Ricardo Trezzi Casa ◽  
Nicole McMaster ◽  
David Schmale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ear Rot ◽  
The South ◽  
Gibberella Ear Rot ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Central South

In Brazil, Gibberella ear rot (GER) of maize is caused mainly by Fusarium meridionale (Fmer), while F. graminearum (Fgra) is a minor contributor. To test the hypothesis that Fmer is more aggressive than Fgra on maize, six experiments were conducted in the south (summer), and one in the central-south (winter), totaling seven conditions (year ✕ location ✕ hybrid). Treatments consisted of Fgra or Fmer (two isolates of each) inoculated once four days after silk; inoculated sequentially and alternately (Fgra⇾Fmer or Fmer⇾Fgra) six days apart; or (in the central-south) inoculated sequentially without alternating species (Fmer⇾Fmer or Fgra⇾Fgra). Overall, severity was two times greater in the south (37.0%) where summer temperatures were warmer (20 to 25oC) than in central-south. In the south, severity was greatest in Fmer treatments (67.8%); followed by Fmer⇾Fgra (41.1%); then Fgra⇾Fmer (19.4%); and lowest in Fgra (2.1%), suggesting an antagonistic relationship. In the central-south (15 to 20oC), severity was generally higher in the sequential non-alternating inoculation treatments (Fmer⇾Fmer or Fgra⇾Fgra) than when either species was inoculated only once. Only nivalenol (NIV) or deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected when Fmer or Fgra, respectively, were inoculated singly, or sequentially with no alternation. Both toxins were found in grains harvested from the Fmer⇾Fgra treatment, while only NIV was found in kernels from the Fgra⇾Fmer treatment, suggesting that Fmer was more competitive than Fgra in co-inoculations. The dominance of Fmer as a cause of GER in Brazil may be due in part to its higher aggressiveness and competitiveness compared with Fgra.

scholarly journals Fusarium meridionale is more aggressive and competitive than F. graminearum as a causal agent of Gibberella Ear Rot of maize in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Jackson Machado ◽  
Paulo Kuhnem ◽  
Ricardo Trezzi Casa ◽  
Nicole McMaster ◽  
David G. Schmale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Causal Agent ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
The South ◽  
Gibberella Ear Rot ◽  
Sequential Inoculation ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Central South

In Brazil, Gibberella ear rot (GER) of maize is caused mainly by Fusarium meridionale (Fmer), while F. graminearum (Fgra) is a minor contributor. To test the hypothesis that Fmer is more aggressive than Fgra on maize, three experiments were conducted in the south (subtropical summer), and one in the central-south (tropical winter) of Brazil, totaling seven conditions (year ✕ location ✕ hybrid). Treatments consisted of Fgra or Fmer (two isolates of each) inoculated once four days after silk; alternately inoculated (Fgra⇾Fmer or Fmer⇾Fgra) six days apart; and (in central-south only) sequentially inoculated without alternating (Fmer⇾Fmer or Fgra⇾Fgra). Overall GER severity was higher in the south (37.0%) compared with the central-south (16.9%), likely due to the higher summer temperatures (20 to 25oC). In the south, severity was highest in Fmer treatments (67.8%); followed by Fmer⇾Fgra (41.1%); then Fgra⇾Fmer (19.4%); and lowest in Fgra (2.1%), suggesting an antagonistic relationship. In the central-south during winter (15 to 20oC), severity was generally higher (7.3 to 11.6%) in sequential inoculation treatments than when either species was inoculated alone. Only nivalenol (NIV) or deoxynivalenol (DON) were detected when Fmer or Fgra, respectively, were inoculated singly and sequentially with no alternation. Both toxins were found in grains harvested from the Fmer⇾Fgra treatment, while only NIV was found in kernels from the Fgra⇾Fmer treatment, suggesting that Fmer was more competitive than Fgra in co-inoculations. The dominance of Fmer as a cause of GER in Brazil may be due in part to its higher aggressiveness and competitiveness than Fgra.

Phytotoxic effect of deoxynivalenol and gibberella ear rot resistance of com

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 383-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Cossette ◽  
J. David Miller
Keyword(s):  
Ear Rot ◽  
Gibberella Ear Rot ◽  
Phytotoxic Effect

scholarly journals Immigration and range expansion in Finnish insects

1995 ◽  
Vol 6 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 163-167
Author(s):  
Hans Silfverberg
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Range Expansion ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Insect Species ◽  
The South ◽  
North East ◽  
A Minor

During the 20th century many insect species have expanded into Finland and established themselves as part of the fauna. Some species of Coleoptera seem to have been carried here originally by man, but nowadays live outdoors. Many other species seem to have reached Finland on their own, and colonized a minor or major part of the country. Most colonists have come from the south, only a few from the east or north-east. This article lists various kinds of newcomers to Finland.

Leaf anatomy of the South African Danthonieae (Poaceae). XIII. Pentameris macrocalycina and P. obtusifolia

Bothalia ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 579-585
Author(s):  
R. P. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Leaf Anatomy ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
The South ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Distinct Genus ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
A Minor

The leaf blade anatomy of Peniameris macrocalycina (Steud.) Schweick. and P. obtusifolia (Hochst,) Schweick. is described and illustrated. The leaf anatomy of these two species shows many similarities suggesting a close relationship between them. A slight problem appears to exist with the circumscription of P. obtusifolia and a minor taxonomic adjustment may result in a classification which agrees totally with that based on leaf anatomy. This would result in details of the leaf outline being diagnostic for these two taxa. The nomenclature of P. obtusifolia is also very confusing and clarification is needed by reference to the relevant type specimens. P. macrocalycina and P. obtusifolia together with  P. longiglumis (Nees) Stapf, appear to form a distinct genus and do not bear close anatomical resemblances to either P. thuarri Beauv. or P. dregeana Stapf.

scholarly journals Convergence of the Pamir and the South Tian Shan in the late Cenozoic: Insights from provenance analysis in the Wuheshalu section at the convergence area

Lithosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinwei Chen ◽  
Hanlin Chen ◽  
Edward R. Sobel ◽  
Xiubin Lin ◽  
Xiaogan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Area ◽  
Limited Area ◽  
Late Cenozoic ◽  
Provenance Analysis ◽  
The South ◽  
Active Deformation ◽  
The North ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Tian Shan

Abstract In response to collision and convergence between India and Asia during the Cenozoic, convergence took place between the Pamir and South Tian Shan. Here we present new detrital zircon U-Pb ages coupled with conglomerate clast counting and sedimentary data from the late Cenozoic Wuheshalu section in the convergence zone, to shed light on the convergence process of the Pamir and South Tian Shan. Large Triassic zircon U-Pb age populations in all seven samples suggest that Triassic igneous rocks from the North Pamir were the major source area for the late Cenozoic Wuheshalu section. In the Miocene, large populations of the North Pamir component supports rapid exhumation in the North Pamir and suggest that topography already existed there since the early Miocene. Exhumation of the South Tian Shan was relatively less important in the Miocene and its detritus could only reach a limited area in the foreland area. Gradually increasing sediment loading and convergence of the Pamir and South Tian Shan caused rapid subsidence in the convergence area. Since ca. 6–5.3 Ma, the combination of a major North Pamir component and a minor South Tian Shan component at the Wuheshalu section is consistent with active deformation of the South Tian Shan and the North Pamir. During deposition of the upper Atushi Formation, a larger proportion of North Pamir–derived sediments was deposited in the Wuheshalu section, maybe because faulting and northward propagation of the North Pamir caused northward displacement of the depocenter to north of the Wuheshalu section.

Mutations in the parkin gene are a minor cause of Parkinson's disease in the South African population

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
William L. Haylett ◽  
Rowena J. Keyser ◽  
Melissa C. du Plessis ◽  
Celia van der Merwe ◽  
Janine Blanckenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
South African ◽  
African Population ◽  
Parkin Gene ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Population ◽  
A Minor

CO476 corn inbred line

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Kebede ◽  
Lana M Reid ◽  
Constantin Voloaca ◽  
Ron De Schiffart ◽  
Jinhe Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Line ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Gibberella Ear Rot ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Northern Corn Leaf Blight ◽  
Intermediate Response ◽  
Corn Inbred ◽  
Moderate Resistance ◽  
Corn Leaf Blight

CO476 is an early-medium maturity (76 days to flowering) mostly stiff stalk (BSSS) yellow flint inbred which combines well with a stiff stalk B14 type and iodent type testers in many different locations. CO476 possesses moderate resistance to gibberella ear rot both in the inbred and in hybrid combinations. It has intermediate response to common smut, fusarium stalk rot, northern corn leaf blight, common rust and Goss’s wilt.

CO475 corn inbred line

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Kebede ◽  
Lana M Reid ◽  
Constantin Voloaca ◽  
Ron De Schiffart ◽  
Jinhe Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inbred Line ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Northern Leaf Blight ◽  
Gibberella Ear Rot ◽  
Days To Flowering ◽  
Stalk Rot ◽  
Intermediate Response ◽  
Corn Inbred ◽  
Moderate Resistance

CO475 is an early-medium maturity (75 days to flowering) mostly Iodent yellow semi-dent inbred which combines well with several testers in many different locations. It has moderate resistance to gibberella ear rot (both the inbred and in hybrid combinations) and intermediate response to smut, fusarium stalk rot, northern leaf blight, eyespot, rust, and goss’s wilt.

Subduction polarity of the Ailaoshan Ocean (eastern Paleotethys): Constraints from detrital zircon U-Pb and Hf-O isotopes for the Longtan Formation

2019 ◽  
Vol 132 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 987-996
Author(s):  
Xiao-Ping Xia ◽  
Jian Xu ◽  
Chao Huang ◽  
Xiaoping Long ◽  
Meiling Zhou
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Detrital Zircon ◽  
South China Block ◽  
The South ◽  
Forearc Basin ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Northeastern Japan ◽  
O Isotopes ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Back Arc

Abstract The Paleotethys Ailaoshan Ocean separated the South China and Indochina blocks during the late Paleozoic. Uncertainty remains regarding subduction of this ocean—whether it was subducted eastward beneath the South China block or westward beneath the Indochina block. In this study, we present new detrital zircon U-Pb age, and Hf and O isotope data from the Longtan Formation, which was recognized to be deposited before the ocean closed. Our results show that the formation can be divided into three units: Unit 1 is distributed west of the suture and dominates the area; it contains major age peaks at 290–250 Ma and minor multiple old age peaks. Unit 2 consists of a minor distribution west of the suture, and it shows a dominant 250 Ma age peak; old zircons are very few or not present. Their Hf and O isotopic signatures are similar to those of unit 1. Unit 3 is distributed east of the suture and is characterized by a single distinct ca. 240 Ma age peak with almost no Precambrian zircons. We interpret that units 1 and 2 were likely deposited in a back-arc and forearc basin, respectively, and a volcanic arc developed on the eastern margin of the Indochina block, similar to the present-day northeastern Japan arc. Meanwhile, unit 3 was likely deposited in a forearc basin on the western margin of the South China block. Therefore, the Ailaoshan Ocean may undergone bipolar subduction both westward and eastward beneath the Indochina and South China blocks, respectively.

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