scholarly journals Artificial Selection for Increased Voluntary Wheel Running Alters Limb Skeleton Shape and Exercise Plasticity in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda N Smolinsky ◽  
Kristina Aldridge ◽  
Alberto A Castro ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
Kevin M Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Effects of voluntary activity and genetic selection on muscle metabolic capacities in house mice Mus domesticus

2000 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1608-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Houle-Leroy ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
John G. Swallow ◽  
Helga Guderley
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Selective breeding is an important tool in behavioral genetics and evolutionary physiology, but it has rarely been applied to the study of exercise physiology. We are using artificial selection for increased wheel-running behavior to study the correlated evolution of locomotor activity and physiological determinants of exercise capacity in house mice. We studied enzyme activities and their response to voluntary wheel running in mixed hindlimb muscles of mice from generation 14, at which time individuals from selected lines ran more than twice as many revolutions per day as those from control (unselected) lines. Beginning at weaning and for 8 wk, we housed mice from each of four replicate selected lines and four replicate control lines with access to wheels that were free to rotate (wheel-access group) or locked (sedentary group). Among sedentary animals, mice from selected lines did not exhibit a general increase in aerobic capacities: no mitochondrial [except pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)] or glycolytic enzyme activity was significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than in control mice. Sedentary mice from the selected lines exhibited a trend for higher muscle aerobic capacities, as indicated by higher levels of mitochondrial (cytochrome- c oxidase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase, citrate synthase, and PDH) and glycolytic (hexokinase and phosphofructokinase) enzymes, with concomitant lower anaerobic capacities, as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase (especially in male mice). Consistent with previous studies of endurance training in rats via voluntary wheel running or forced treadmill exercise, cytochrome- c oxidase, citrate synthase, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity increased in the wheel-access groups for both genders; hexokinase also increased in both genders. Some enzymes showed gender-specific responses: PDH and lactate dehydrogenase increased in wheel-access male but not female mice, and glycogen phosphorylase decreased in female but not in male mice. Two-way analysis of covariance revealed significant interactions between line type and activity group; for several enzymes, activities showed greater changes in mice from selected lines, presumably because such mice ran more revolutions per day and at greater velocities. Thus genetic selection for increased voluntary wheel running did not reduce the capability of muscle aerobic capacity to respond to training.

scholarly journals Are Voluntary Wheel Running and Open-Field Behavior Correlated in Mice? Different Answers from Comparative and Artificial Selection Approaches

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 830-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Careau ◽  
Olaf R. P. Bininda-Emonds ◽  
Genesis Ordonez ◽  
Theodore Garland
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Open Field Behavior ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Field Behavior ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Artificial selection for high activity favors mighty mini-muscles in house mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 284 (2) ◽  
pp. R433-R443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Houle-Leroy ◽  
Helga Guderley ◽  
John G. Swallow ◽  
Theodore Garland
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Total Body Mass ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

After 14 generations of selection for voluntary wheel running, mice from the four replicate selected lines ran, on average, twice as many revolutions per day as those from the four unselected control lines. To examine whether the selected lines followed distinct strategies in the correlated responses of the size and metabolic capacities of the hindlimb muscles, we examined mice from selected lines, housed for 8 wk in cages with access to running wheels that were either free to rotate (“wheel access” group) or locked (“sedentary”). Thirteen of twenty individuals in one selected line (line 6) and two of twenty in another (line 3) showed a marked reduction (∼50%) in total hindlimb muscle mass, consistent with the previously described expression of a small-muscle phenotype. Individuals with these “mini-muscles” were not significantly smaller in total body mass compared with line-mates with normal-sized muscles. Access to free wheels did not affect the relative mass of the mini-muscles, but did result in typical mammalian training effects for mitochondrial enzyme activities. Individuals with mini-muscles showed a higher mass-specific muscle aerobic capacity as revealed by the maximal in vitro rates of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase. Moreover, these mice showed the highest activities of hexokinase and carnitine palmitoyl transferase. Females with mini-muscles showed the highest levels of phosphofructokinase, and males with mini-muscles the highest levels of pyruvate dehydrogenase. As shown by total muscle enzyme contents, the increase in mass-specific aerobic capacity almost completely compensated for the reduction caused by the “loss” of muscle mass. Moreover, the mini-muscle mice exhibited the lowest contents of lactate dehydrogenase and glycogen phosphorylase. Interestingly, metabolic capacities of mini-muscled mice resemble those of muscles after endurance training. Overall, our results demonstrate that during selection for voluntary wheel running, distinct adaptive paths that differentially exploit the genetic variation in morphological and physiological traits have been followed.

Selection for high voluntary wheel-running increases speed and intermittency in house mice (Mus domesticus)

2001 ◽  
Vol 204 (24) ◽  
pp. 4311-4320 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Girard ◽  
M. W. McAleer ◽  
J. S. Rhodes ◽  
T. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Mus Domesticus ◽  
Selection Line ◽  
Control Line ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Continuous Exercise ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

SUMMARY In nature, many animals use intermittent rather than continuous locomotion. In laboratory studies, intermittent exercise regimens have been shown to increase endurance compared with continuous exercise. We hypothesized that increased intermittency has evolved in lines of house mice (Mus domesticus) that have been selectively bred for high voluntary wheel-running (wheel diameter 1.12 m) activity. After 23 generations, female mice from four replicate selection lines ran 2.7 times more revolutions per day than individuals from four random-bred control lines. To measure instantaneous running speeds and to quantify intermittency, we videotaped mice (N=41) during a 5-min period of peak activity on night 6 of a 6-day exposure to wheels. Compared with controls (20 revs min–1 while actually running), selection-line females (41 revs min–1) ran significantly faster. These instantaneous speeds closely matched the computer-recorded speeds over the same 5-min period. Selection-line females also ran more intermittently, with shorter (10.0 s bout–1) and more frequent (7.8 bouts min–1) bouts than controls (16.8 s bout–1, 3.4 bouts min–1). Inter-bout pauses were also significantly shorter in selection-line (2.7 s) than in control-line (7.4 s) females. We hypothesize that intermittency of locomotion is a key feature allowing the increased wheel-running performance at high running speeds in selection-line mice.

scholarly journals Response of Sod-2 enzyme activity to selection for high voluntary wheel running

Heredity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
S L Thomson ◽  
T Garland ◽  
J G Swallow ◽  
P A Carter
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

scholarly journals Selection for increased voluntary wheel-running affects behavior and brain monoamines in mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 1508 ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.Parrish Waters ◽  
R.B. Pringle ◽  
G.L. Forster ◽  
K.J. Renner ◽  
J.L. Malisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheel Running ◽  
Brain Monoamines ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Artificial selection for increased wheel-running activity in house mice results in decreased body mass at maturity

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (18) ◽  
pp. 2513-2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Swallow ◽  
P. Koteja ◽  
P.A. Carter ◽  
T. Garland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Running Activity ◽  
Wheel Running Activity ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

To test the hypothesis that body size and activity levels are negatively genetically correlated, we conducted an artificial selection experiment for increased voluntary wheel-running activity in house mice (Mus domesticus). Here, we compare body masses of mice from control and selected lines after 14 generations of selection. In both groups, beginning at weaning and then for 8 weeks, we housed half of the individuals with access to running wheels that were free to rotate and the other half with wheels that were locked to prevent rotation. Mice from selected lines were more active than controls at weaning (21 days) and across the experiment (total revolutions during last week: females 2.5-fold higher, males 2.1-fold higher). At weaning, mice from selected and control lines did not differ significantly in body mass. At 79 days of age, mice from selected lines weighed 13.6 % less than mice from control lines, whereas mice with access to free wheels weighed 4.5 % less than ‘sedentary’ individuals; both effects were statistically significant and additive. Within the free-wheel-access group, individual variation in body mass of males was negatively correlated with amount of wheel-running during the last week (P&lt;0.01); for females, the relationship was also negative but not statistically significant (P&gt;0.40). The narrow-sense genetic correlation between wheel-running and body mass after 8 weeks of wheel access was estimated to be −0. 50. A negative genetic correlation could account for the negative relationship between voluntary wheel-running and body mass that has been reported across 13 species of muroid rodents.

scholarly journals Voluntary wheel running complements microdystrophin gene therapy to improve muscle function in mdx mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Hamm ◽  
D.D. Fathalikhani ◽  
K.E. Bukovec ◽  
A.K. Addington ◽  
H. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Wheel

Membrane Estrogen Receptors Regulate Voluntary Wheel Running and Contractile Function in Skeletal Muscle in Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 781
Author(s):  
Jacqueline M. Crissey ◽  
J. Andries Ferreira ◽  
Dennis B. Lubahn ◽  
Marybeth Brown
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Contractile Function ◽  
Voluntary Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Wheel
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