scholarly journals Spatial Transcriptomics of Supraoptic Nucleus and Paraventricular Nucleus of the Hypothalamus

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dianna Nguyen ◽  
Nicole Hales ◽  
J. Thomas Cunningham
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE HYPOTHALAMIC NEUROSECRETION AND THE CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (I) ◽  
pp. 8-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kivalo ◽  
U. K. Rinne
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Neurosecretory Material ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Hypothalamic Cells ◽  
The One ◽  
Hypophysial Portal ◽  
Acth Release

ABSTRACT Acute stress, chronic stress plus hydration, cortisone treatment, cortisone treatment plus dehydration were used as methods of investigation and the relation between the neurosecretory activity of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus and the neurosecretory material around the hypophysial portal vessels of the median eminence on the one hand and the corticotrophin release on the other hand, has been studied in the rat. Whereas stress stimulates both the activity of the above mentioned cells of the hypothalamus and the ACTH release, stress plus hydration causes a depression of these hypothalamic cells but nevertheless causes a marked ACTH release. Cortisone inhibits the activity of the cells in the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus as well as the ACTH release whereas cortisone plus dehydration causes stimulation but inhibits the ACTH release. In some stress and cortisone treatment groups the variations of the neurosecretory material around the hypophysial portal vessels and of the ACTH release were found to show a correlation. It is concluded that the activity of the cells of the supraoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus and the ACTH release do not seem to have any definite connection, whereas some observations indicate that the neurosecretory material in the region of the median eminence around the hypophysial portal vessels may have some significance in ACTH release.

Stimuli and consequences of dendritic release of oxytocin within the brain

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 1252-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.D. Neumann
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Model System ◽  
Intracerebral Microdialysis ◽  
Psychotherapeutic Intervention ◽  
Psychiatric Illnesses ◽  
Oxytocin Release ◽  
The Brain

The brain oxytocin system has served as a distinguished model system in neuroendocrinology to study detailed mechanisms of intracerebral release, in particular of somatodendritic release, and its behavioural and neuroendocrine consequences. It has been shown that oxytocin is released within various brain regions, but evidence for dendritic release is limited to the main sites of oxytocin synthesis, i.e. the hypothalamic SON (supraoptic nucleus) and PVN (paraventricular nucleus). In the present paper, stimuli of dendritic release of oxytocin and the related neuropeptide vasopressin are discussed, including parturition and suckling, i.e. the period of a highly activated brain oxytocin system. Also, exposure to various pharmacological, psychological or physical stressors triggers dendritic oxytocin release, as monitored by intracerebral microdialysis within the SON and PVN during ongoing behavioural testing. So far, dendritic release of the neuropeptide has only been demonstrated within the hypothalamus, but intracerebral oxytocin release has also been found within the central amygdala and the septum in response to various stimuli including stressor exposure. Such a locally released oxytocin modulates physiological and behavioural reproductive functions, emotionality and hormonal stress responses, as it exerts, for example, pro-social, anxiolytic and antistress actions within restricted brain regions. These discoveries make oxytocin a promising neuromodulator of the brain for psychotherapeutic intervention and treatment of numerous psychiatric illnesses, for example, anxiety-related diseases, social phobia, autism and postpartum depression.

Central noradrenergic activity in intact and sinoaortic denervated Dahl rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 450-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Patel ◽  
J. D. Peuler ◽  
D. A. Morgan ◽  
B. J. Pardini ◽  
D. D. Lund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Genetic Predisposition ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Locus Ceruleus ◽  
Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Brain Nuclei ◽  
Salt Diet ◽  
Median Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover

Lesions in forebrain areas richly innervated by noradrenergic terminals and involved in cardiovascular function reduce or prevent hypertension in the Dahl salt-sensitive (S) rats fed a high (H) salt diet. This led us to examine two questions. (1) Is the noradrenergic activity altered in discrete forebrain and brainstem areas of SH rats? (2) Are these changes in noradrenergic activity eliminated by sinoaortic denervation (SAD)? Studies were done in 10-week-old female SH and Dahl salt-resistant (RH) rats. Half of the rats in each group had SAD surgery 1 week prior to study. An index of norepinephrine (NE) turnover was determined by measuring the decline in tissue NE concentration 8 h after administering α-methyl-p-tyrosine, a NE synthesis blocker, to animals from each of four groups: sham-RH, SAD-RH, sham-SH, and SAD-SH (n = 18–20 per group). Various discrete brain areas were obtained using the "punch technique." In SH rats the index of NE turnover was increased in the median preoptic nucleus and decreased in the paraventricular nucleus compared with RH rats regardless of SAD. In contrast, in SH rats the index of NE turnover was increased in the supraoptic nucleus and locus ceruleus compared with RH rats; however, SAD-RH had greater turnover of NE at these sites than SAD-SH. In summary, changes in noradrenergic activity in the median preoptic nucleus and the paraventricular nucleus may be related to genetic predisposition to hypertension in SH rats. In contrast, changes in the locus ceruleus and the supraoptic nucleus of SH rats may be related to impaired baroreflexes and thereby contribute to hypertension.Key words: hypertension, brain nuclei, norepinephrine, turnover.

Opposite regulation of body temperature by cholinergic input to the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus in rats

2001 ◽  
Vol 909 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 102-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Takahashi ◽  
Hirohisa Ishimaru ◽  
Yasushi Ikarashi ◽  
Eiko Kishi ◽  
Yuji Maruyama
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus

Functional identification of central pressor pathways originating in the subfornical organ

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1035-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Ciriello ◽  
Michael B. Gutman
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Subfornical Organ ◽  
Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Median Preoptic Nucleus ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Stimulation Of

The functional projections from pressor sites in the subfornical organ (SFO) were identified using the 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic method in urethane-anesthetized, sinoaortic-denervated rats. Autoradiographs of brain and spinal cord sections taken from rats whose SFO was continuously stimulated electrically for 45 min with stereotaxically placed monopolar electrodes (150 μA, 1.5-ms pulse duration, 15 Hz) following injection of tritiated 2-DG were compared with control rats that received intravenous infusions of pressor doses of phenylephrine to mimic the increase in arterial pressure observed during SFO stimulation. Comparisons were also made to autoradiographs from rats in which the ventral fornical commissure (CFV), just dorsal to the SFO, was electrically stimulated. The pressor responses during either electrical stimulation of the SFO or intravenous infusion of phenylephrine were similar in magnitude. On the other hand, stimulation of the CFV did not elicit a significant pressor response. Electrical stimulation of the SFO increased 2-DG uptake, in comparison to the phenylephrine-infused rats, in the nucleus triangularis, septofimbrial nucleus, lateral septal nucleus, nucleus accumbens, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, dorsal and ventral nucleus medianus (median preoptic nucleus), paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus, hippocampus, supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the intermediolateral nucleus of and central autonomic area of the thoracic spinal cord. In contrast, in rats whose CFV was stimulated, these nuclei did not demonstrate changes in 2-DG uptake compared with control animals that received pressor doses of phenylephrine. These data have demonstrated some of the components of the neural circuitry likely involved in mediating the pressor responses to stimulation of the SFO and the corrective responses to activation of the SFO by disturbances to circulatory and fluid balance homeostasis.Key words: cardiovascular reflex pathways, drinking, median preoptic nucleus, osmoreceptors, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus.

scholarly journals Nesfatin-1 Neurons in Paraventricular and Supraoptic Nuclei of the Rat Hypothalamus Coexpress Oxytocin and Vasopressin and Are Activated by Refeeding

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 1295-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Kohno ◽  
Masanori Nakata ◽  
Yuko Maejima ◽  
Hiroyuki Shimizu ◽  
Udval Sedbazar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Rat Hypothalamus ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Vasopressin Neurons ◽  
Fine Localization ◽  
Supraoptic Nuclei

Nesfatin-1, a newly discovered satiety molecule, is located in the hypothalamic nuclei, including the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). In this study, fine localization and regulation of nesfatin-1 neurons in the PVN and SON were investigated by immunohistochemistry of neuropeptides and c-Fos. In the PVN, 24% of nesfatin-1 neurons overlapped with oxytocin, 18% with vasopressin, 13% with CRH, and 12% with TRH neurons. In the SON, 35% of nesfatin-1 neurons overlapped with oxytocin and 28% with vasopressin. After a 48-h fast, refeeding for 2 h dramatically increased the number of nesfatin-1 neurons expressing c-Fos immunoreactivity by approximately 10 times in the PVN and 30 times in the SON, compared with the fasting controls. In the SON, refeeding also significantly increased the number of nesfatin-1-immunoreactive neurons and NUCB2 mRNA expression, compared with fasting. These results indicate that nesfatin-1 neurons in the PVN and SON highly overlap with oxytocin and vasopressin neurons and that they are activated markedly by refeeding. Feeding-activated nesfatin-1 neurons in the PVN and SON could play a role in the postprandial regulation of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis.

Characterization of hypothalamic noradrenaline receptors in the supraoptic nucleus and periventricular region of the paraventricular nucleus of mice in vitro

1986 ◽  
Vol 369 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyotoshi Inenaga ◽  
Richard E.J. Dyball ◽  
Shiguru Okuya ◽  
Hiroshi Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Supraoptic Nucleus
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