The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) neurons represent the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system involved in controlling cerebral blood flow. In the present study, we examined the coupling mechanism between mu (μ) opioid receptors (MOR) and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) with Ca2+ channels in acutely dissociated adult rat SPG neurons. Successful MOR activation was recorded in ∼40–45% of SPG neurons employing the whole cell variant of the patch-clamp technique. In addition, immunofluorescence assays indicated that MOR are not expressed in all SPG neurons while M2 mAChR staining was evident in all neurons. The concentration-response relationships generated with morphine and [d-Ala2-N-Me-Phe4-Glycol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO) showed IC50 values of 15.2 and 56.1 nM and maximal Ca2+ current inhibition of 26.0 and 38.7%, respectively. Activation of MOR or M2 mAChR with morphine or oxotremorine-methiodide (Oxo-M), respectively, resulted in voltage-dependent inhibition of Ca2+ currents via coupling with Gαi/o protein subunits. The acute prolonged exposure (10 min) of neurons to morphine or Oxo-M led to the homologous desensitization of MOR and M2 mAChR, respectively. The prolonged stimulation of M2 mAChR with Oxo-M resulted in heterologous desensitization of morphine-mediated Ca2+ current inhibition, and was sensitive to the M2 mAChR blocker methoctramine. On the other hand, when the neurons were exposed to morphine or DAMGO for 10 min, heterologous desensitization of M2 mAChR was not observed. These results suggest that in rat SPG neurons activation of M2 mAChR likely modulates opioid transmission in the brain vasculature to adequately maintain cerebral blood flow.
Pharmacological profile of constitutively active NOP opioid receptors heterologously expressed in rat stellate ganglion neurons