A Comparison of Second-Generation versus Third-Generation Oral Contraceptives in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris*

2002 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 4S
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Breitkopf ◽  
Mitchell P. Rosen ◽  
Manubai Nagamani
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Third Generation

Effects of Second and Third Generation Oral Contraceptives and their Respective Progestagens on the Coagulation System in the Absence or Presence of the Factor V Leiden Mutation

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (02) ◽  
pp. 199-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Kemmeren ◽  
J. C. M. Meijers ◽  
B. N. Bouma ◽  
D. E. Grobbee ◽  
A. Algra
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Factor V Leiden ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Coagulation System ◽  
Factor V ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Factor V Leiden Mutation

SummaryCompared to second generation, the use of third generation oral contraceptives has been associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis especially in women with the factor V Leiden mutation. To find an explanation for these risk differences we investigated the effects of desogestrel- and levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives as well as their progestagens separately on the coagulation system in the absence or presence of the factor V Leiden mutation.In a single center, double blind trial, 51 women without and 35 women with the factor V Leiden mutation were randomized to either a second generation (30 µg ethinylestradiol/150 µg levonorgestrel) or a third generation (30 µg ethinylestradiol/150 µg desogestrel) oral contraceptive. After two cycles of use and a wash-out period of 2 menstrual cycles, the participants received the corresponding progestagen-only preparation containing 150 µg levonorgestrel or 150 µg desogestrel. In plasmas of the participating women fragment 1+2, factor V, VII, VIII, IX, X and XI were determined.Both combined oral contraceptives induced a decrease in factor V, whereas the levels of all other coagulant parameters increased. However, in women without the factor V Leiden mutation the effects of desogestrel-containing preparations were significantly different compared to levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives for factor V (−8.0; 95% Cl −13.4 to −2.6), factor VIl (26.8; 95% Cl 15.5 to 38.0) and factor IX (−9.6; 95% Cl −16.2 to −3.2). When these women used progestagen-only pills, a differential effect between desogestrel and levonorgestrel was only found for factor IX (−6.5; 95% CI –11.4 to –1.5).In carriers of the factor V Leiden mutation desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives induced more pronounced changes in factor V (−14.2; 95% CI −22.4 to −6.0) and factor VII (36.1; 95% CI 19.7 to 52.6) compared to levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives. Comparing desogestrel- and levonorgestrel-only, only for factor V a differential effect was found in these women (−9.5;95% CI –18.3 to –0.6).It appears that desogestrel-containing oral contraceptives have a more pronounced effect on the coagulation system than levonorgestrelcontaining oral contraceptives which may be explained by a less effective compensation of the thrombotic effect of ethinylestradiol by desogestrel.

Sa1.4 Do third generation proximal femur nails have better outcome than second generation nails

Injury ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. S16
Author(s):  
R. Armagan ◽  
T. Isik ◽  
M. Kanar ◽  
H.B. Sezer ◽  
O.T. Eren
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Femur ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Third Generation

The Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on Apple in Nova Scotia.: I. Influence of Intratree Distribution on the Selection of Sampling Units. II. Differences in Habits and Seasonal Trends in Orchards With Bivoltine and Trivoltine Populations. III. Distribution of Diapause Eggs. IV. Hatching of Diapause Eggs

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1303-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
Sample Unit ◽  
The Third ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractIn Nova Scotia one leaf cluster with an adjoining 1 inch of twig taken from the inside of each of 10 apple trees replicated four times is an adequate sample unit to measure the density of the brown mite.The brown mite has one generation with a partial second in some orchards and one with a partial second and partial third in others. The first generation adults in the bivoltine and trivoltine populations lay summer eggs on the leaves and twigs, and diapause eggs on tin twigs. The second generation adults in the bivoltine populations lay only diapause eggs; in the trivoltine populations they lay both summer and diapause eggs. The adults of the third generation lay only diapause eggs.The brown mite is found on both the leaves and woody parts of the tree. In orchards with bivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80% by mid-July, but thereafter gradually decreased to 10% by the end of August. However, in orchards with trivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80 to 90% by mid-July, remained constant until mid-August, and thereafter decreased to approximately 40% by the end of August.The number of diapause eggs laid by adults of each generation in both the bivoltine and trivoltine populations varies widely. The eggs are deposited on the trunk as well as on the branches, with the heaviest deposition in the central area of the tree. The diapause eggs laid by adults of the first generation are the last to hatch and those laid by the third generation are the first to hatch the following spring.The factors responsible for the differences in the number of generations and in the number of diapause eggs laid are unknown.

scholarly journals Structures of designed armadillo-repeat proteins show propagation of inter-repeat interface effects

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Reichen ◽  
Chaithanya Madhurantakam ◽  
Simon Hansen ◽  
Markus G. Grütter ◽  
Andreas Plückthun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Second Generation ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Peptide Recognition ◽  
Repeat Proteins ◽  
Peptide Binding Site ◽  
Armadillo Repeat ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Interface Effects

The armadillo repeat serves as a scaffold for the development of modular peptide-recognition modules. In order to develop such a system, three crystal structures of designed armadillo-repeat proteins with third-generation N-caps (YIII-type), four or five internal repeats (M-type) and second-generation C-caps (AII-type) were determined at 1.8 Å (His-YIIIM4AII), 2.0 Å (His-YIIIM5AII) and 1.95 Å (YIIIM5AII) resolution and compared with those of variants with third-generation C-caps. All constructs are full consensus designs in which the internal repeats have exactly the same sequence, and hence identical conformations of the internal repeats are expected. The N-cap and internal repeats M1to M3are indeed extremely similar, but the comparison reveals structural differences in internal repeats M4and M5and the C-cap. These differences are caused by long-range effects of the C-cap, contacting molecules in the crystal, and the intrinsic design of the repeat. Unfortunately, the rigid-body movement of the C-terminal part impairs the regular arrangement of internal repeats that forms the putative peptide-binding site. The second-generation C-cap improves the packing of buried residues and thereby the stability of the protein. These considerations are useful for future improvements of an armadillo-repeat-based peptide-recognition system.

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