Monitoring of damage and distribution of invasive fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on maize crop in Karo, North Sumatera, Indonesia

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an invasive pest from America and has recently become an important pest in Indonesia. In their new environment, these pests have very high migratory and adaptive skills, as well as aggressive feeding habits. The aim of this research was to monitor the distribution, percentage of attacks, and damage caused by S. frugiperda on maize fields in the Karo District of North Sumatra Province. The study was conducted using a survey method at various altitudes and the sample unit was determined using the diagonal method. Each sample unit has a size of 2 × 2 m2. The age of maize crop used as the sample is 2-4; 5-6; 7-8; 9-10; and 11 weeks after planting (wap). Symptoms of attack, number of larvae population, and percentage of FAW attack were observed directly on plants. The results showed that FAW spread evenly at various altitudes, with the highest population at an altitude of 500-1,000 m.a.s.l at the age of 2-4 wap with a larval population density of 14.20 individual/unit sample. The highest percentage of attack was found at an altitude of 500-1,000 m.a.s.l, namely 82% at 2-4 wap. The highest attack on leaves occurred at an altitude of 500-1,000 m.a.s.l (70.6%) at the age of 2-4 wap.

Persistence of Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 on Baby Spinach Subjected to Temperature Abuse after Exposure to Sub-Lethal Stresses

The exposure of foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica to a sub-lethal stress may protect bacterial cells against distinct stresses during the production of leafy greens, which can constitute potential health hazards to consumers. In this study, we evaluated how the prior exposure of S. enterica to sub-lethal food processing-related stresses influenced its subsequent persistence on baby spinach under cold (4 °C for 7 days) and temperature abuse (37 °C for 2 h + 4 °C for 7 days) conditions. We also compared the survival characteristics of pre-stressed S. enterica and Enterococcus faecium NRRL B-2354 as its surrogate on baby spinach. A cocktail of three S. enterica serovars, as well as S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 wild type and its ΔrpoS mutant, and E. faecium NRRL B-2354, was first exposed to sub-lethal desiccation, oxidation, heat shock, and acid stresses. Afterward, baby spinach was inoculated with unstressed or pre-stressed cells at 7.0 log CFU/sample unit, followed by 7-day storage under cold and temperature abuse conditions. The unstressed S. enterica (fresh cells in sterile 0.85% saline) decreased rapidly within the first day and thereafter persisted around 5.5 log CFU/sample unit under both conditions. The desiccation-stressed S. enterica showed the highest bacterial counts (p < 0.05) compared to other conditions. The unstressed S. enterica survived better (p < 0.05) than the oxidation- and acid-stressed S. enterica, while there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the unstressed and heat-shocked S. enterica. Unlike the wild type, temperature abuse did not lead to the enhanced survival of the ΔrpoS mutant after exposure to desiccation stress, indicating that the rpoS gene could play a critical role in the persistence of desiccation-stressed S. enterica subjected to temperature abuse. E. faecium NRRL B-2354 was more persistent (p < 0.05) than the pre-stressed S. enterica under both conditions, suggesting its use as a suitable surrogate for pre-stressed S. enterica by providing a sufficient safety margin. Our results demonstrate the merit of considering the prior exposure of foodborne pathogens to sub-lethal stresses when validating the storage conditions for leafy greens.

Pemberdayaan Keluarga Sebagai Upaya Menurunkan Kepadatan Larva Aedes spp. dalam Pencegahan Penularan Demam Berdarah Dengue

One House One Jumantik Programme (G1R1J) has been launched by the Indonesian governmentsince 2015. This programme emphasizes the participation of family members as jumantik rumah bymonitoring and controlling larvae in their houses. Family’s coaching in the G1R1J’s programme is carried outby each jumantik coordinator. Tasikmalaya and Cimahi were Dengue endemic areas with high cases in thelast five years. This study aimed to determine the effect of family empowerment by the Jumantik Coordinatorin reducing the density of Aedes spp. larvae, reducing the number of DHF cases and increasing familyparticipation in vector surveillance. The study was located in the Tasikmalaya and Cimahi areas andconducted with an intervention. The interventions included RW-level workshops, coaching, and observationby jumantik coordinator. The sample unit is a family, consist of 400 unit in the intervention area and 200unit in the comparison area. The results showed that there were significant differences in the status ofcommunity participation in eradicating mosquito nests (PSN). The presence of dengue patients and thepresence of Aedes spp mosquito larvae were different between before and after the intervention both inTasikmalaya and Cimahi. In addition, there are significant differences in the status of communityparticipation in PSN, the presence of dengue cases, the presence of Aedes spp. larvae and theimplementation of vector surveillance by families in the intervention and comparison areas. The resultsconcluded that family coaching interventions and observations by the Jumantik Coordinator, proved to havean effect on community participation in PSN, decreasing dengue cases, increasing larvae free index (ABJ)and vector surveillance implementation by families.Keywords: Society participation, Dengue cases, Jumantik House, One House One Jumantik

Vulnerabilidade socioambiental como base para a gestão costeira no município de Paracuru – Ceará

A geografia desempenha um papel importante quando existem trabalhos que tentam relacionar sociedade e natureza, estabelecendo formas (ou variáveis) para qualificar os elementos que compõem a paisagem. Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi aplicar a classificação da vulnerabilidade socioambiental adaptada de Medeiros e Souza (2016), com contribuições de Milanezi e Pereira (2016), como forma de contribuir com a gestão costeira de Paracuru- Ceará. Paracuru é um município costeiro, em que estão presentes diversos ambientes e três Unidades de Conservação Estaduais localizados no rio Curu e nas dunas de Paracuru. Para a análise, sobrepôs-se o mapa de vulnerabilidade ambiental (gerado a partir dos mapas de unidades geoambientais e de uso e ocupação) e de vulnerabilidade social, utilizando 17 variáveis incluídas no cálculo do índice organizados por setores censitários, menor unidade amostral. Foi observado trechos de vulnerabilidade socioambiental alta no setor próximo do rio Curu, na localidade de Santa Rita, com área de interseção de 2,3km² sede urbana localidade denominada de 2,3km² de interseção e setor 16, nas localidades de Muriti, Córrego do Curu e Pedrinhas, com interseção de aproximadamente 800 m². Nas dunas a sobreposição foi predominante de vulnerabilidade ambiental alta e vulnerabilidade social média – alta. Espera-se que as informações possam indicar os ambientes e seções da cidade que são mais suscetíveis e que essas áreas precisam de maior proteção. Socio-environmental vulnerability as a basis for coastal management in the municipality of Paracuru - CearáA B S T R A C TGeography makes an important role when there are works that try to relate society and nature, establishing forms (or variables) to qualify the elements that make up the landscape. In this work, the objective was to apply the classification of socio-environmental vulnerability adapted from Medeiros and Souza (2016), with contributions from Milanezi and Pereira (2016), as a way to contribute to the coastal management of Paracuru-Ceará. Paracuru is a coastal municipality, where there are several environments and three State Conservation Units located on the Curu River and on the Paracuru dunes. For the analysis, the map of environmental vulnerability (generated from the maps of geoenvironmental units and of use and occupation) and social vulnerability was superimposed, using 17 variables included in the calculation of the index organized by census sectors, the smallest sample unit. It was observed stretches of high socio-environmental vulnerability in the sector in the APA of the Curu River, in the locality of Santa Rita, with an intersection area of 2.3 km², in the urban headquarters, places called plateau da barra and secondary carnaubinha 3.1 km² intersection and sector 16, in the localities of Muriti, Córrego do Curu and Pedrinhas, with an intersection of approximately 800 m². In the dunes, the overlap was predominant of high environmental vulnerability and medium - high social vulnerability. It is hoped that the information can serve as a basis for indicating the paths that management should follow to achieve sustainability.Keywords: Landscape, socio-environmental vulnerability, coastal planning.

Evaluation of Two-Leaf Sampling Units to Estimate Sugarcane Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Economic Thresholds in Commercial Grain Sorghum

Sugarcane aphid Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner is a significant economic pest of grain sorghum in the United States. Effective monitoring and early detection are cornerstones for managing invasive pests. The recently developed binomial sequential sampling plan estimates sugarcane aphid economic thresholds (ETs) based on classification whether a 2-leaf sample unit has ≤ or ≥ 50 M. sacchari. In this study, we evaluated eight 2-leaf sampling units for potential use in the sequential sampling plan. From 2016 through 2017, whole plant counts of M. sacchari were recorded non-destructively in situ on sorghum plants from 140 fields located in five states. Plant canopies were stratified into three categories. Two leaves from each stratum were used to compare linear relationships between M. sacchari numbers per two-leaf sample unit and total M. sacchari density per plant. Analysis revealed that two randomly selected leaves from the middle stratum accounted more variation for estimating M. sacchari density when compared to two leaves from the other strata. Comparison of eight two-leaf sampling units within plant growth stages were variable in quantifying variation of M. sacchari densities. When growth stages were combined, the standard uppermost + lowermost leaf sample unit and a unit consisting of two randomly selected leaves from the middle stratum revealed little difference in their enumeration of variation in M. sacchari density. Because other sample units were either less predictive and/or more variable in estimating M. sacchari density, we suggest that the (L1+U1) sample unit remain the preferred method for appraising M. sacchari ETs.

ESTIMATES OF PRODAN’S SAMPLING METHOD APPLIED TO NELDER'S SYSTEMATIC DESIGN

Prodan’s sampling method presents relevant characteristics to obtain estimates of the dendrometric variables per hectare in a Nelder systematic design, because it is practical method and maintains the same number of trees sampled in all sample units for the different spacings. The objective of the research was to evaluate the performance of the estimates number of trees, basal area, and volume per hectare in different spacings with the Prodan’s sampling method, under the hypothesis that these estimates show decreasing behavior with increasing spacing. The data used in the study are from an experiment with nine Nelder plots, established with ten clones of Eucalyptus spp., in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. From the center of the sample unit – SU a reference tree was selected, and the eight nearest trees composed the SU. The estimates of number of trees, basal area and volume per hectare were calculated using the Prodan’s method estimators. Statistical differences between the estimates of the clones and between their spacing were evaluated by multivariate profile analysis. The behavior of the dendrometric variables was inversely proportional to spacing, that is, their estimates decreased with the increase of spacing. The number of trees is more influenced by spacing, and additionally with plant genetic material and mortality also influenced estimates of basal area and volume per hectare. Prodan’s sampling method is appropriate and practical to obtain the estimates per hectare in Nelder’s design because it is not necessary to measure all the trees of the experiment. What do you want to do ?New mailCopy