Pharmacological approaches to animal models of human working memory and shifting attentional set. Commentary on Robbins?? Homology in behavioural pharmacology: an approach to animal models of human cognition

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
R P Kesner ◽  
M Ragozzino
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Attentional Set

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Two Variations and One Similarity in Memory Functions Deployed by Mice and Humans to Support Foraging

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110105
Author(s):  
Spencer Talbot ◽  
Todor Gerdjikov ◽  
Carlo De Lillo
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Foraging Efficiency ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Memory Functions ◽  
Term Memory

Assessing variations in cognitive function between humans and animals is vital for understanding the idiosyncrasies of human cognition and for refining animal models of human brain function and disease. We determined memory functions deployed by mice and humans to support foraging with a search task acting as a test battery. Mice searched for food from the top of poles within an open-arena. Poles were divided into groups based on visual cues and baited according to different schedules. White and black poles were baited in alternate trials. Striped poles were never baited. The requirement of the task was to find all baits in each trial. Mice’s foraging efficiency, defined as the number of poles visited before all baits were retrieved, improved with practice. Mice learnt to avoid visiting un-baited poles across trials (Long-term memory) and revisits to poles within each trial (Working memory). Humans tested with a virtual-reality version of the task outperformed mice in foraging efficiency, working memory and exploitation of the temporal pattern of rewards across trials. Moreover, humans, but not mice, reduced the number of possible movement sequences used to search the set of poles. For these measures interspecies differences were maintained throughout three weeks of testing. By contrast, long-term-memory for never-rewarded poles was similar in mice and humans after the first week of testing. These results indicate that human cognitive functions relying upon archaic brain structures may be adequately modelled in mice. Conversely, modelling in mice fluid skills likely to have developed specifically in primates, requires caution.

scholarly journals EXPRESS: Trajectories of verbal fluency and executive functions in multilingual and monolingual children and adults: A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
pp. 174702182110267
Author(s):  
Roberto Filippi ◽  
Andrea Ceccolini ◽  
Peter Bright
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Verbal Fluency ◽  
Fluid Intelligence ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Cross Sectional

The development of verbal fluency is associated with the maturation of executive function skills, such as the ability to inhibit irrelevant information, shift between tasks and hold information in working memory. Some evidence suggests that multilinguistic upbringing may underpin disadvantages in verbal fluency and lexical retrieval, but can also afford executive function advantages beyond the language system including possible beneficial effects in older age. This study examined the relationship between verbal fluency and executive function in 324 individuals across the lifespan by assessing the developmental trajectories of English monolingual and multilingual children aged 7 to 15 years (N=154) and adults from 18 to 80 years old (N=170). The childhood data indicated patterns of improvement in verbal fluency and executive function skills as a function of age. Multilingual and monolingual children had comparable developmental trajectories in all linguistic and non-linguistic measures used in the study with the exception of planning, for which monolingual children showed a steeper improvement over the studied age range relative to multilingual children. For adults, monolinguals and multilingual participants had comparable performance on all measures with the exception of non-verbal inhibitory control and response times on the Tower of London task: monolinguals showed a steeper decline associated with age. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that verbal fluency was associated with working memory and fluid intelligence in monolingual participants but not in multilinguals. These findings raise the possibility that early acquisition of an additional language may impact on the development of the functional architecture serving high-level human cognition.

A review of behavioral methods for the evaluation of cognitive performance in animal models: Current techniques and links to human cognition

2021 ◽  
pp. 113652
Author(s):  
Maryam Ghafarimoghadam ◽  
Roya Mashayekh ◽  
Mina Gholami ◽  
Pardis Fereydani ◽  
John Shelley-Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Behavioral Methods

Human Cognitive Processes

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-33
Author(s):  
Slava Kalyuga
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Architecture ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Domain Specific Knowledge ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Memory Knowledge ◽  
High Level

One of the major components of our cognitive architecture, working memory, becomes overloaded if more than a few chunks of information are processed simultaneously. For example, we all experience this cognitive overload when trying to keep in memory an unfamiliar telephone number or add two four-digit numbers in the absence of a pen and paper. Similar in nature processing limitations of working memory represent a major factor influencing the effectiveness of human learning and performance, particularly in complex environments that require concurrent performance of multiple tasks. The learner prior domain-specific knowledge structures and associated levels of expertise are considered as means of reducing these limitations and guiding high-level knowledge-based cognitive activities. One of the most important results of studies in human cognition is that the available knowledge is a single most significant learner cognitive characteristic that influences learning and cognitive performance. Understanding the key role of long-term memory knowledge base in our cognition is important to the successful management of cognitive load in multimedia learning.

Reversal of cognitive deficits by an ampakine (CX516) and sertindole in two animal models of schizophrenia—sub-chronic and early postnatal PCP treatment in attentional set-shifting

2009 ◽  
Vol 206 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Villumsen Broberg ◽  
Birte Yding Glenthøj ◽  
Rebecca Dias ◽  
Dorrit Bjerg Larsen ◽  
Christina Kurre Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Cognitive Deficits ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Attentional Set ◽  
Attentional Set Shifting

Animal models of working memory: insights for targeting cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia

2004 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
StacyA. Castner ◽  
PatriciaS. Goldman-Rakic ◽  
GrahamV. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction

Multimodal constructs – multimodal constructions? The role of constructions in the working memory

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (s1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Symbolic System ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Status ◽  
Precise Role

AbstractLanguage is a symbolic system, whose basic units are arbitrary and conventionalized pairings of form and meaning. In fact, in light of substantive empirical evidence, Construction Grammar approaches advocate the view that not only words but all levels of grammatical description – from morphemes, words, and idioms to abstract phrasal patterns as well as larger discourse patterns – comprise form-meaning pairings, which are collectively referred to as constructions. In this paper, I will discuss the status of multimodal usage-events (multimodal constructs) for the potential entrenchment of multimodal constructions and their implications for human cognition in general. As I will argue, constructionist approaches need to pay more attention to the role of the working memory in assembling and interpreting constructions. Drawing on verbal as well as gesture constructions, I will show that it is essential to distinguish entrenched constructions that are stored in the long-term memory from form-meaning pairings that are assembled in the working memory (online constructions). Once this distinction is made, the precise role of multimodal constructs and the nature of multimodal constructions can finally be disentangled.

Attentional set-shifting ability in first-episode and established schizophrenia: Relationship to working memory

2009 ◽  
Vol 112 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 104-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Pantelis ◽  
Stephen J. Wood ◽  
Tina M. Proffitt ◽  
Renee Testa ◽  
Kate Mahony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Set Shifting ◽  
Attentional Set ◽  
Attentional Set Shifting
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