Utility of D2-40, Cytokeratin 5/6, and High–Molecular-weight Cytokeratin (Clone 34βE12) in Distinguishing Intraductal Spread of Urothelial Carcinoma From Prostatic Stromal Invasion

2021 ◽  
Vol Publish Ahead of Print ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksii A. Iakymenko ◽  
Laurence M. Briski ◽  
Katiana S. Delma ◽  
Merce Jorda ◽  
Oleksandr N. Kryvenko
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Stromal Invasion ◽  
Intraductal Spread ◽  
Cytokeratin 5

Best Practice in Diagnostic Immunohistochemistry: Prostate Carcinoma and Its Mimics in Needle Core Biopsies

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (9) ◽  
pp. 1388-1396
Author(s):  
Gladell P. Paner ◽  
Daniel J. Luthringer ◽  
Mahul B. Amin
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Basal Cell ◽  
Prostate Carcinoma ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
English Language ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Specific Marker ◽  
Nephrogenic Adenoma ◽  
Cytokeratin 5

Abstract Context.—The unrelenting challenge encountered when differentiating limited-volume prostate carcinoma and sometimes subtle variants from its many morphologic mimics has increased the use of ancillary immunohistochemistry in routine prostate needle biopsies. The availability of prostate cancer–associated and basal cell–associated markers has been an invaluable addition to diagnostic surgical pathology. Objective.—To review commonly used immunohistochemical stains, including innovative combinations, for confirmation or differential diagnosis of prostate carcinoma, and to propose appropriately constructed panels using morphologic patterns in prostate needle biopsies. Data Sources.—These best practices are based on our experience with routine and consultative case sign-outs and on a review of the published English-language literature from 1987 through 2008. Conclusions.—Basal cell–associated markers p63, high-molecular-weight cytokeratin 34βE12, cytokeratin 5/6 or a cocktail containing p63 and high-molecular-weight cytokeratin 34βE12 or cytokeratin 5/6 and prostate carcinoma–specific marker α-methylacyl coenzyme A (coA) racemase alone or in combination are useful adjuncts in confirming prostatic carcinoma that either lacks diagnostic, qualitative or quantitative features or that has an unusual morphologic pattern (eg, atrophic, pseudohyperplastic) or is in the setting of prior treatment. The combination of α-methylacyl coA racemase positivity with negative staining for basal cell–associated markers supports a malignant diagnosis in the appropriate morphologic context. Dual chromogen basal cell– associated markers (p63 [nuclear] and high-molecular-weight cytokeratin 34βE12/cytokeratin 5/6 [cytoplasmic]) and α-methylacyl coA racemase in an antibody cocktail provide greater sensitivity for the basal cell layer, easing evaluation and minimizing loss of representation of the focal area interest because the staining is performed on one slide. In the posttreatment setting, pancytokeratin facilitates detection of subtle-treated cancer cells. Prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase markers are helpful in excluding secondary malignancies involving the prostate, such as urothelial carcinoma, and occasionally in excluding nonprostatic benign mimickers, such as nephrogenic adenoma, mesonephric gland hyperplasia, and Cowper glands. There is no role for ordering immunohistochemistry prospectively in all cases of prostatic needle biopsies.

Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Renal Neoplasms

2011 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luan D. Truong ◽  
Steven S. Shen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Urothelial Carcinoma ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Diagnostic Utility ◽  
Renal Neoplasm ◽  
Renal Neoplasms ◽  
Chromophobe Rcc ◽  
Metastatic Rcc

Abstract Context—Histologic diagnosis of renal neoplasm is usually straightforward by routine light microscopy. However, immunomarkers may be essential in several contexts, including differentiating renal from nonrenal neoplasms, subtyping of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and diagnosing rare types of renal neoplasms or metastatic RCC in small biopsy specimens. Objective—To provide a comprehensive review of the diagnostic utility of immunomarkers for renal neoplasms. Design—This review is based on published literature and personal experience. Conclusions—The following markers may have diagnostic utility in various diagnostic contexts: cytokeratins, vimentin, α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase, carbonic anhydrase IX, PAX2, PAX8, RCC marker, CD10, E-cadherin, kidney-specific cadherin, parvalbumin, claudin-7, claudin-8, S100A1, CD82, CD117, TFE3, thrombomodulin, uroplakin III, p63, and S100P. Cytokeratins are uniformly expressed by RCC, albeit in a somewhat limited amount in some subtypes, requiring broad-spectrum anti-CK antibodies, including both low– and high–molecular-weight cytokeratins. PAX2 and PAX8 are sensitive and relatively specific markers for renal neoplasm, regardless of subtype. CD10 and RCC marker are sensitive to renal cell neoplasms derived from proximal tubules, including clear cell and papillary RCCs. Kidney-specific cadherin, parvalbumin, claudin-7, and claudin-8 are sensitive markers for renal neoplasms from distal portions of the nephron, including chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma. CK7 and α-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase are sensitive markers for papillary RCC; TFE3 expression is essential in confirming the diagnosis of Xp11 translocation RCC. The potentially difficult differential diagnosis between chromophobe RCC and oncocytoma may be facilitated by S100A1 and CD82. Thrombomodulin, uroplakin III, p63, and S100P are useful markers for urothelial carcinoma. Together with high–molecular-weight cytokeratins, PAX2, and PAX8, they can help differentiate renal pelvic urothelial carcinoma from collecting duct RCC. A sensitive marker for sarcomatoid RCC is still not available. Immunomarkers are most often used for diagnosing metastatic RCC. Compared with primary RCC, expression of the above-mentioned markers is often less frequent and less diffuse in the metastatic setting. Recognizing the variable sensitivity and specificity of these markers, it is important to include at least CD10, RCC marker, PAX2, and PAX8 in the diagnostic panel.

Microtubule motors and other maps

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Richard B. Vallee
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Cytoplasmic Dynein ◽  
Organelle Transport ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Microtubule Associated Proteins ◽  
Microtubule Motors ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intracellular Motility

Microtubules are involved in a number of forms of intracellular motility, including mitosis and bidirectional organelle transport. Purified microtubules from brain and other sources contain tubulin and a diversity of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs). Some of the high molecular weight MAPs - MAP 1A, 1B, 2A, and 2B - are long, fibrous molecules that serve as structural components of the cytamatrix. Three MAPs have recently been identified that show microtubule activated ATPase activity and produce force in association with microtubules. These proteins - kinesin, cytoplasmic dynein, and dynamin - are referred to as cytoplasmic motors. The latter two will be the subject of this talk.Cytoplasmic dynein was first identified as one of the high molecular weight brain MAPs, MAP 1C. It was determined to be structurally equivalent to ciliary and flagellar dynein, and to produce force toward the minus ends of microtubules, opposite to kinesin.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document