scholarly journals The subgenual organ complex in the cave cricket Troglophilus neglectus (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae): comparative innervation and sensory evolution

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 140240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Strauß ◽  
Nataša Stritih ◽  
Reinhard Lakes-Harlan
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Innervation Pattern ◽  
Sensory Organs ◽  
Nerve Branch ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Auditory Organ ◽  
Subgenual Organ ◽  
Cave Cricket

Comparative studies of the organization of nervous systems and sensory organs can reveal their evolution and specific adaptations. In the forelegs of some Ensifera (including crickets and tettigoniids), tympanal hearing organs are located in close proximity to the mechanosensitive subgenual organ (SGO). In the present study, the SGO complex in the non-hearing cave cricket Troglophilus neglectus (Rhaphidophoridae) is investigated for the neuronal innervation pattern and for organs homologous to the hearing organs in related taxa. We analyse the innervation pattern of the sensory organs (SGO and intermediate organ (IO)) and its variability between individuals. In T. neglectus , the IO consists of two major groups of closely associated sensilla with different positions. While the distal-most sensilla superficially resemble tettigoniid auditory sensilla in location and orientation, the sensory innervation does not show these two groups to be distinct organs. Though variability in the number of sensory nerve branches occurs, usually either organ is supplied by a single nerve branch. Hence, no sensory elements clearly homologous to the auditory organ are evident. In contrast to other non-hearing Ensifera, the cave cricket sensory structures are relatively simple, consistent with a plesiomorphic organization resembling sensory innervation in grasshoppers and stick insects.

scholarly journals Neuronal Innervation of the Subgenual Organ Complex and the Tibial Campaniform Sensilla in the Stick Insect Midleg

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Strauß
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Role ◽  
Stick Insect ◽  
Campaniform Sensilla ◽  
Innervation Pattern ◽  
Branching Points ◽  
Stick Insects ◽  
Sensory Structures ◽  
Evolutionary Comparisons ◽  
Subgenual Organ

Mechanosensory organs in legs play are crucial receptors in the feedback control of walking and in the detection of substrate-borne vibrations. Stick insects serve as a model for the physiological role of chordotonal organs and campaniform sensilla. This study documents, by axonal tracing, the neural innervation of the complex chordotonal organs and groups of campaniform sensilla in the proximal tibia of the midleg in Sipyloidea sipylus. In total, 6 nerve branches innervate the different sensory structures, and the innervation pattern associates different sensilla types by their position. Sensilla on the anterior and posterior tibia are innervated from distinct nerve branches. In addition, the variation in innervation is studied for five anatomical branching points. The most common variation is the innervation of the subgenual organ sensilla by two nerve branches rather than a single one. The fusion of commonly separated nerve branches also occurred. However, a common innervation pattern can be demonstrated, which is found in >75% of preparations. The variation did not include crossings of nerves between the anterior and posterior side of the leg. The study corrects the innervation of the posterior subgenual organ reported previously. The sensory neuroanatomy and innervation pattern can guide further physiological studies of mechanoreceptor organs and allow evolutionary comparisons to related insect groups.

Innervation of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb: anatomical study

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 631-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezequiel E. Zaidenberg ◽  
Dante Palumbo ◽  
Ezequiel Martinez ◽  
Martin Pastrana ◽  
Efrain Farias Cisneros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radial Nerve ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Interphalangeal Joint ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Nerve Branch ◽  
Anatomical Basis

We dissected 30 cadaveric thumb interphalangeal joints to delineate the sensory nerve anatomy of its capsule. Four articular branches supplying the interphalangeal joint capsule of the thumb were found in all specimens. Ulnar and radial proper digital nerves provide one palmar capsular nerve branch on their respective sides. Of the two dorsal branches of the radial nerve at the dorsum of the thumb, we observed that each nerve provided one branch to the interphalangeal dorsal capsule. Our findings demonstrate a consistent pattern of innervation and may provide the anatomical basis to the treating surgeon for an effective and safe denervation of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb.

White adipose tissue sensory nerve denervation mimics lipectomy-induced compensatory increases in adiposity

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (2) ◽  
pp. R514-R520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifei Shi ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Siberian Hamsters ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Lipid Stores ◽  
The Brain

The sensory innervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) is indicated by the labeling of sensory bipolar neurons in the dorsal root ganglion after retrograde dye placement into WAT. In addition, immunoreactivity (ir) for sensory-associated neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P in WAT pads also supports the notion of WAT sensory innervation. The function of this sensory innervation is unknown but could involve conveying the degree of adiposity to the brain. In tests of total body fat regulation, partial surgical lipectomy triggers compensatory increases in the mass of nonexcised WAT, ultimately resulting in restoration of total body fat levels in Siberian hamsters and other animals. The signal that triggers this compensation is unknown but could involve disruption of WAT sensory innervation that accompanies lipectomy. Therefore, a local and selective sensory denervation was accomplished by microinjecting the sensory nerve neurotoxin capsaicin bilaterally into epididymal WAT (EWAT) of Siberian hamsters, whereas controls received vehicle injections. Additional hamsters had bilateral EWAT lipectomy (EWATx) or sham lipectomy. As seen previously, EWATx resulted in significantly increased retroperitoneal WAT (RWAT) and inguinal WAT (IWAT) masses. Capsaicin treatment significantly decreased CGRP- but not tyrosine hydroxylase-ir, attesting to the diminished and selective sensory innervation. Capsaicin-treated hamsters also had increased RWAT and, to a lesser degree, IWAT mass largely mimicking the WAT mass increases seen after lipectomy. Collectively, these data suggest the possibility that information related to peripheral lipid stores may be conveyed to the brain via the sensory innervation of WAT.

Laryngeal sensory innervation: Origins of sensory nerve fibers in the nodose ganglion of the cat

1989 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshikazu Yoshida ◽  
Tatsuya Saito ◽  
Yasumasa Tanaka ◽  
Minoru Hirano ◽  
Masatoshi Morimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nodose Ganglion ◽  
Sensory Innervation

Sympathetic but not sensory denervation stimulates white adipocyte proliferation

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (6) ◽  
pp. R1630-R1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle T. Foster ◽  
Timothy J. Bartness
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Fat Cell ◽  
Protein Marker ◽  
White Adipocyte ◽  
Sensory Denervation

White adipocyte proliferation is a hallmark of obesity, but it largely remains a mechanistic mystery. We and others previously demonstrated that surgical denervation of white adipose tissue (WAT) triggers increases in fat cell number, but it is unknown whether this was due to preadipocyte proliferation or maturation of existing preadipocytes that allowed them to be counted. In addition, surgical denervation severs not only sympathetic but also sensory innervation of WAT. Therefore, we tested whether sympathetic WAT denervation triggers adipocyte proliferation using 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) as a marker of proliferation and quantified BrdU-immunoreactive (ir) cells that were colabeled with AD-3-ir, an adipocyte-specific membrane protein marker. The unilateral denervation model was used for all experiments where Siberian hamster inguinal WAT (IWAT) was unilaterally denervated, the contralateral pad was sham denervated serving as a within-animal control, and then BrdU was injected systemically for 6 days. When IWAT was surgically denervated, severing both sympathetic and sensory nerves, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-ir, a sympathetic nerve marker, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-ir, a sensory nerve marker, were significantly decreased, and BrdU+AD-3-ir adipocytes were increased ∼300%. When IWAT was selectively sensory denervated via local microinjections of capsaicin, a sensory nerve-specific toxin, CGRP-ir, but not TH-ir, was decreased, and BrdU+AD-3-ir adipocytes were unchanged. When IWAT was selectively sympathetically denervated via local microinjections of 6-hydroxy-dopamine, a catecholaminergic-specific toxin, TH-ir, but not CGRP-ir, was significantly decreased, and BrdU+AD-3-ir adipocytes were increased ∼400%. Collectively, these data provide the first direct evidence that sympathetic nerves inhibit white adipocyte proliferation in vivo.

Characterization of bulbospongiosus muscle reflexes activated by urethral distension in male rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 303 (7) ◽  
pp. R737-R747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masayuki Tanahashi ◽  
Venkateswarlu Karicheti ◽  
Karl B. Thor ◽  
Lesley Marson
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Intraluminal Pressure ◽  
Urethral Pressure ◽  
Nerve Branch ◽  
Primary Afferent ◽  
Afferent Fibers ◽  
Single Burst ◽  
Primary Afferent Fibers ◽  
Bulbospongiosus Muscle

The urethrogenital reflex (UGR) is used as a surrogate model of the autonomic and somatic nerve and muscle activity that accompanies ejaculation. The UGR is evoked by distension of the urethra and activation of penile afferents. The current study compares two methods of elevating urethral intraluminal pressure in spinalized, anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 60). The first method, penile extension UGR, involves extracting the penis from the foreskin, so that urethral pressure rises due to a natural anatomical flexure in the penis. The second method, penile clamping UGR, involves penile extension UGR with the addition of clamping of the glans penis. Groups of animals were prepared that either received no additional treatment, surgical shams, or received bilateral nerve cuts (4 nerve cut groups): either the pudendal sensory nerve branch (SbPN), the pelvic nerves, the hypogastric nerves, or all three nerves. Penile clamping UGR was characterized by multiple bursts, monitored by electromyography (EMG) of the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM) accompanied by elevations in urethral pressure. The penile clamping UGR activity declined across multiple trials and eventually resulted in only a single BSM burst, indicating desensitization. In contrast, the penile extension UGR, without penile clamping, evoked only a single BSM EMG burst that showed no desensitization. Thus, the UGR is composed of two BSM patterns: an initial single burst, termed urethrobulbospongiosus (UBS) reflex and a subsequent multiple bursting pattern (termed ejaculation-like response, ELR) that was only induced with penile clamping urethral occlusion. Transection of the SbPN eliminated the ELR in the penile clamping model, but the single UBS reflex remained in both the clamping and extension models. Pelvic nerve (PelN) transection increased the threshold for inducing BSM activation with both methods of occlusion but actually unmasked an ELR in the penile extension method. Hypogastric nerve (HgN) cuts did not significantly alter any parameter. Transection of all three nerves eliminated BSM activation completely. In conclusion, penile clamping occlusion recruits penile and urethral primary afferent fibers that are necessary for an ELR. Urethral distension without significant penile afferent activation recruits urethral primary afferent fibers carried in either the pelvic or pudendal nerve that are necessary for the single-burst UBS reflex.

Functional Restoration Following Resection of Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumour of the Median Nerve: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 373-377
Author(s):  
Chung Ming Chan ◽  
Aymeric YT. Lim ◽  
Mark E. Puhaindran
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Median Nerve ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Functional Restoration ◽  
Flexor Digitorum Profundus ◽  
Wide Resection ◽  
Abductor Pollicis Brevis ◽  
Nerve Branch ◽  
Nerve Sheath

Management of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours (MPNSTs) is primarily surgical, involving surgical resection with wide margins, and frequently radiation therapy. When a MPNST involves a major peripheral nerve, wide resection leads to significant distal neurologic deficits. A patient who underwent resection of a MPNST involving the median nerve above the elbow is presented. Staged tendon and nerve transfers were performed to restore sensation to the thumb and index finger, thumb opposition and flexion, finger flexion and forearm pronation. These included: 1. radial sensory nerve branches to digital nerves of thumb and index finger, 2. ulnar nerve branch of flexor carpi ulnaris to pronator teres, 3. brachioradialis to flexor pollicis longus, 4. side-to-side transfer of flexor digitorum profundus tendon of index finger to middle, ring and little fingers, 5. extensor indicis proprius to abductor pollicis brevis. The rationale, approach, and favourable results of functional reconstruction in this patient are detailed.

scholarly journals Morphological study of the sensory nerve which induces jaw opening reflex

2015 ◽  
Vol 04 (01) ◽  
pp. 012-016
Author(s):  
Rie Shimotakahara ◽  
Kazuharu Mine ◽  
Shigemitsu Ogata
Keyword(s):  
Trigger Point ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Lingual Nerve ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Pseudobulbar Palsy ◽  
Anatomical Site ◽  
Chorda Tympani Nerve ◽  
Jaw Opening ◽  
Jaw Opening Reflex

Abstract Background and objectives: An anatomical site in the oral cavity can be used to trigger the jaw opening reflex in patients with pseudobulbar palsy who have difficulty opening the mouth. The site is located at the midpoint between the palatoglossal arch and pterygomandibular fold and medial to the retromolar pad. However, previous findings on the nerves innervating this particular area are inconsistent. Therefore, in this study, we carefully investigated the sensory nerves that innervate the area near the trigger point of the jaw opening reflex. Materials and methods: For the morphological investigation of sensory innervation in this area, in this study we exposed the cranial nerves in 26 halves of cadaver head and observed their distribution in soft tissue. Results: In all cases, several nerve fibers diverged anteroinferiorly from the lingual nerve located between its junction with the chorda tympani nerve and the junction with the communicating branch of the submandibular ganglion. These nerve fibers, thought to be the facial branches of the lingual nerve, innervated the mucosa in the vicinity of the palatoglossal arch, retromolar pad, and the lingual gingiva of the last molar which were near to the trigger point of the jaw opening reflex. Conclusion: The results suggest that the sensory nerve that induces the jaw opening reflex appears to be the branches to isthmus of fauces diverged from the lingual nerve.

CGRP-immunoreactive cells supplying laryngeal sensory nerve fibres in the cat's nodose ganglion

1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (10) ◽  
pp. 916-919 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasumusa Tanaka ◽  
Yoshikazu Yoshida ◽  
Minoru Hirano
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Neuron ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerve ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Nodose Ganglion ◽  
Sensory Innervation ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Laryngeal Mucosa ◽  
Peripheral Sensory ◽  
Rostral Part

AbstractThrough a combination of retrograde staining by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and immunohistochemistry, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-reactive sensory neurons projecting from the laryngeal mucosa were detected in the feline nodose ganglion. The size of the CGRP-immunoreactive cell which was regarded as a laryngeal sensory neuron, was about 60 ±m in diameter: the shape of the immunoreactive laryngeal sensory neuron was unipolar. CGRP-reacted laryngeal sensory cells were found in the rostral part of the nodose ganglion extending to the middle part. They aggregated in the most rostral part, were sparse in other parts and were approximately 50 per cent of WGA-reactive laryngeal sensory neurons in number. Our results suggest that this neurotransmitter might play an important role in laryngeal peripheral sensory innervation.

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