scholarly journals Experimental evidence of human recreational disturbance effects on bird-territory establishment

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1858) ◽  
pp. 20170846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Bötsch ◽  
Zulima Tablado ◽  
Lukas Jenni

The worldwide increase in human outdoor activities raises concerns for wildlife. Human disturbances, even at low levels, are likely to impact species during sensitive periods of the annual cycle. However, experimental studies during the putative sensitive period of territory establishment of birds which not only investigate low disturbance levels, but which also exclude the effect of habitat modification (e.g. walking trails) are lacking. Here, we experimentally disturbed birds in forest plots by walking through twice a day during territory establishment. Later we compared the breeding bird community of experimentally disturbed plots with that of undisturbed control plots. We discovered that the number of territories (−15.0%) and species richness (−15.2%) in disturbed plots were substantially reduced compared with control plots. Species most affected included those sensitive to human presence (assessed by flight-initiation distances), open-cup nesters and above-ground foragers. Long-distance migrants, however, were unaffected due to their arrival after experimental disturbance took place. These findings highlight how territory establishment is a sensitive period for birds, when even low levels of human recreation may be perceived as threatening, and alter settlement decisions. This can have important implications for the conservation of species, which might go unnoticed when focusing only on already established birds.

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Svein Dale ◽  
Geir Hardeng

The breeding bird communities of 18 mires and surrounding forests in southeastern Norway were censused in 1976–77 and in 2015. We found that 53% of the mire species with sufficient data for analyses showed significant changes. Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata, Common Crane Grus grus, Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola and Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis increased, whereas Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus, Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus, Meadow Pipit Anthus pratensis and Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava decreased. There were also near significant decreases of Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata and Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis. Population changes did not differ between short- and long-distance migrants. Species with marginal populations on mires declined more than mire specialist species, suggesting an indirect negative influence of problems in other habitats. Overall, there was a significant 19% decline in number of mire species, but a non-significant 7% increase in number of individuals. The bird community in the forests surrounding the mires showed significant population changes for 42% of the species with sufficient data for analyses, with increases in many resident forest species, but less so for migrants. Overall, there was a near significant 12% increase in number of forest species, and a significant 28% increase in number of individuals. Mire- and forest-associated species did not differ in population trends. Among short-distance migrants (mire and forest species combined), species wintering in agricultural habitats had more negative population changes than species wintering in other habitats. Thus, the breeding bird community on and around mires in this part of Norway has undergone large changes during the last 40 years. We discuss our results in relation to general trends of bird communities in northern Europe.


2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen E. Dybala ◽  
Andrew Engilis ◽  
John A. Trochet ◽  
Irene E. Engilis ◽  
Melanie L. Truan

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (6) ◽  
pp. 517-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.J. Lowe ◽  
B.J. Hicks ◽  
K. Worley ◽  
R.A. Ennos ◽  
J.D. Morman ◽  
...  

AbstractPine beauty moth, Panolis flammea (Denis & Schiffermüller), is a recent but persistent pest of lodgepole pine plantations in Scotland, but exists naturally at low levels within remnants and plantations of Scots pine. To test whether separate host races occur in lodgepole and Scots pine stands and to examine colonization dynamics, allozyme, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and mitochondrial variation were screened within a range of Scottish samples. RAPD analysis indicated limited long distance dispersal (FST = 0.099), and significant isolation by distance (P < 0.05); but that colonization between more proximate populations was often variable, from extensive to limited exchange. When compared with material from Germany, Scottish samples were found to be more diverse and significantly differentiated for all markers. For mtDNA, two highly divergent groups of haplotypes were evident, one group contained both German and Scottish samples and the other was predominantly Scottish. No genetic differentiation was evident between P. flammea populations sampled from different hosts, and no diversity bottleneck was observed in the lodgepole group. Indeed, lodgepole stands appear to have been colonized on multiple occasions from Scots pine sources and neighbouring populations on different hosts are close to panmixia.


Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Irene Pellegrino ◽  
Luca Ilahiane ◽  
Giovanni Boano ◽  
Marco Cucco ◽  
Marco Pavia ◽  
...  

The Western Palearctic is one of the most investigated regions for avian haemosporidian parasites (Haemoproteus, Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon), yet geographic gaps in our regional knowledge remain. Here, we report the first haemosporidian screening of the breeding birds from Sardinia (the second-largest Mediterranean Island and a biodiversity hotspot), and the first for the insular Mediterranean in general. We examined the occurrence of haemosporidians by amplifying their mtDNA cytb gene in 217 breeding birds, belonging to 32 species. The total prevalence of infected birds was 55.3%, and of the 116 haplotypes recovered, 84 were novel. Despite the high number of novel lineages, phylogenetic analysis did not highlight Sardinia-specific clades; instead, some Sardinian lineages were more closely related to lineages previously recovered from continental Europe. Host-parasite network analysis indicated a specialized host-parasite community. Binomial generalized linear models (GLMs), performed at the community level, suggested an elevational effect on haemosporidian occurrence probability (negative for Haemoproteus; positive for Leucocytozoon) likely due to differences in the abundance of insect vectors at different elevations. Furthermore, a GLM revealed that sedentary birds showed a higher probability of being infected by novel haplotypes and long-distance migrants showed a lower probability of novel haplotype infection. We hypothesize that the high diversity of haemosporidians is linked to the isolation of breeding bird populations on Sardinia. This study adds to the growing knowledge on haemosporidians lineage diversity and distribution in insular environments and presents new insights on potential host-parasite associations.


2010 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Mikac ◽  
N.N. FitzSimmons

AbstractMicrosatellite markers were used to investigate the genetic structure among invasive L. decolor populations from Australia and a single international population from Kansas, USA to determine patterns of dispersal. Six variable microsatellites displayed an average of 2.5–4.2 alleles per locus per population. Observed (HO) heterozygosity ranged from 0.12–0.65 per locus within populations; but, in 13 of 36 tests, HO was less than expected. Despite low levels of allelic diversity, genetic structure estimated as θ was significant for all pairwise comparisons between populations (θ=0.05–0.23). Due to suspected null alleles at four loci, ENA (excluding null alleles) corrected FST estimates were calculated overall and for pairwise population comparisons. The ENA-corrected FST values (0.02–0.10) revealed significant overall genetic structure, but none of the pairwise values were significantly different from zero. A Mantel test of isolation by distance indicated no relationship between genetic structure and geographic distance among all populations (r2=0.12, P=0.18) and for Australian populations only (r2=0.19, P=0.44), suggesting that IBD does not describe the pattern of gene flow among populations. This study supports a hypothesis of long distance dispersal by L. decolor at moderate to potentially high levels.


Author(s):  
Gotfrīds Noviks

<p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Artificial composite materials are currently being produced in large quantities, they are diverse and they are widely used in the economy. There have been extensive theoretical and experimental studies of different types of components, developed the calculation methods of composites production with predefined properties.</span></p><p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">At the same time industry produces a lot of mineral and polymer waste, which are practically technogenic resources, but their use is currently at quite low levels. The paper examines the possibilities to use technogenic resources- mineral (such as ash and clay) and organic (polymers -PET containers) for producing qualitative composite materials. For this purpose theoretical analysis and calculations of the physical properties of components and process parameters that determine the operating characteristics of the composite material were carried out.</span></p><p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">Composite-forming process efficiency determinative parameters were analysed: adhesion, the specific surface energy, specific free surface, adsorption capacity and the degree of dispersion of the particles.</span></p><p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">The role of external factors in processing of composite were examined – temperature, concentration of components.</span></p><p class="R-AbstractKeywords"><span lang="EN-US">The characteristics of prepared samples of composites showed the possibility to use these waste for the development of qualitative products for different purposes.</span></p>


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lori A. Hennings ◽  
W. Daniel Edge

Abstract In 1999, we surveyed breeding bird and plant communities along 54 streams in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan region to link bird community metrics with structural and spatial characteristics of urban riparian areas. Canonical correspondence analysis produced two explanatory axes relating to vegetation and road density. Total and non-native bird abundance was higher in narrow forests. Native bird abundance was greater in narrow forests surrounded by undeveloped lands; native species richness and diversity were greater in less-developed areas. Native resident and short-distance-migrant abundance was higher in narrow forests, and diversity was positively associated with developed lands. Neotropical migrant abundance, richness, and diversity were greater in open-canopied areas with fewer roads. We examined spatial relationships by regressing bird variables on satellite-derived forest canopy cover, area of undeveloped lands, and street density in a series of 50-m buffers within a 500-m radius around study sites. Non-native bird abundance decreased with increasing canopy cover within 450 m, but most other relationships were strongest at smaller scales (50–100 m). Our results suggest that increasing urban canopy cover is the most valuable land management action for conserving native breeding birds. A hierarchical scheme for Neotropical migrant conservation might include increasing forest canopy within 450 m of streams to control non-native species and cowbirds; reducing street density within a 100-m radius of streams; and conserving or planting onsite native trees and shrubs. Estructura de Comunidades Riparias de Aves en Portland, Oregon: Hábitat, Urbanización y Patrones de Escala Espacial Resumen. Censamos las comunidades de aves reproductivas y plantas a lo largo de 54 arroyos en el área metropolitana de Portland, Oregon en 1999 para conectar medidas de comunidades de aves con características estructurales y espaciales de zonas riparias urbanas. Análisis de correspondencia canónica produjeron dos ejes explicativos relacionados con la vegetación y la densidad de carreteras. La abundancia total de aves y la de aves no nativas fueron mayores en bosques estrechos. La abundancia de aves nativas fue mayor en bosques estrechos rodeados por terrenos rurales y la riqueza y diversidad de especies fueron mayores en áreas menos desarrolladas. La abundancia de residentes nativas y migratorias de corta distancia fue mayor en bosques estrechos y su diversidad estuvo asociada positivamente con terrenos desarrollados. La abundancia, riqueza y diversidad de las migratorias neotropicales fueron mayores en áreas de dosel abierto y con pocas carreteras. Examinamos las relaciones espaciales mediante regresiones entre variables de aves y la cobertura del dosel derivada de imágenes satelitales, el área de terrenos sin desarrollar y la densidad de calles en una serie de áreas de 50 m de ancho en un radio de 500 m alrededor de los sitios de estudio. La abundancia de aves no nativas disminuyó con aumentos en la cobertura del dosel hasta 450 m, pero la mayoría de las demás relaciones fueron más fuertes a escalas menores (50–100 m). Nuestros resultados sugieren que el incremento de la cobertura del dosel en áreas urbanas es la estrategia de manejo más valiosa para conservar las aves nativas que se reproducen en el área. Un esquema jerárquico para la conservación de las migratorias neotropicales podría incluir aumentar la cobertura de bosque a menos de 450 m de los arroyos para controlar a las especies no nativas y a los Molothrus, reducir la densidad de calles dentro de un radio de 100 m alrededor de los arroyos y conservar o plantar árboles y arbustos nativos.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 737-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant Ballard ◽  
Geoffrey R. Geupel ◽  
Nadav Nur ◽  
Thomas Gardali

Abstract We analyzed population trends from a constant-effort mist-netting study conducted in central coastal California during the autumns of 1979–1999. Of 31 taxa captured in sufficient numbers, 16 underwent statistically significant declines and none increased. Twice as many species declined from 1989–1999 as compared to 1979–1989. Overall, our results were similar to those of regional Breeding Bird Surveys determined for the same species during the same period. In an attempt to identify possible causes for trends, we grouped species by various life-history categories including nest height, nest type, likelihood of cowbird parasitism, wintering location, winter food preference, and tolerance for human presence on the breeding grounds. All groups underwent significant declines, although high nesters, common cowbird hosts, and Neotropical migrants declined faster than their respective counterparts. While life-history attributes explained differences in trends between groups, there was significant heterogeneity of trends within groups. Capture rates of certain species and groups appeared to be affected by various climate variables, and accelerating declines since 1990 may reflect effects of large-scale climate cycles, particularly on long-distance migrants. We suggest that long-term population trajectories of songbird populations across North America may be better understood in the context of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Interpretation of our results is, in some cases, problematic due to the complex interaction of methodological limitations and environmental variables, especially habitat change on the study site. We recommend the use of multiple methods and multiple sites for monitoring trends in songbird population abundance during fall migration. Disminuciones a Largo Plazo y Patrones Década a Década en Tendencias Poblacionales de Aves Canoras en el Oeste de Norte América, 1979–1999 Resumen. Analizamos las tendencias poblacionales de un estudio de esfuerzo constante con redes de niebla realizado en la costa central de California durante los otoños de 1979 a 1999. De las 31 especies capturadas en números suficientes, 16 sufrieron disminuciones estadísticamente significativas y ninguna aumentó. En comparación con el período de 1979 a 1989, el doble de las especies disminuyeron entre 1989 y 1999. En general, nuestros resultados fueron similares a los determinados para las mismas especies en el mismo período por los censos regionales de aves reproductivas. En un intento por identificar las posibles causas de las tendencias, agrupamos las especies de acuerdo a varias categorías de historias de vida incluyendo altura del nido, tipo de nido, probabilidad de parasitismo por Molothrus, localidad de invernada, preferencias alimenticias en el invierno y tolerancia ante la presencia humana en las áreas reproductivas. Todos los grupos sufrieron disminuciones significativas, aunque las aves con nidos altos, los hospederos comunes de Molothrus y los migrantes neotropicales disminuyeron más rápidamente que sus respectivas contrapartes. Aunque los atributos de historia de vida explicaron las diferencias de las tendencias entre grupos, existió una heterogeneidad significativa al interior de los grupos. Las tasas de captura de ciertas especies y grupos parecieron ser afectadas por varias variables climáticas, y las disminuciones aceleradas desde 1990 podrían reflejar efectos de ciclos climáticos a gran escala, particularmente en migrantes de larga distancia. Sugerimos que las tendencias poblacionales a largo plazo de las aves canoras a través de Norte América podrían ser mejor entendidas en el contexto de la oscilación década a década del Pacífico. En algunos casos, la interpretación de nuestros resultados es problemática debido a la compleja interacción entre las limitaciones metodológicas y las variables ambientales, especialmente los cambios en el hábitat en el sitio de estudio. Recomendamos el uso de múltiples métodos y sitios para monitorear las tendencias en la abundancia de las poblaciones de aves canoras durante la migración de otoño.


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