scholarly journals On the structure and functions of tubular and cellular polypi, and of asidiæ

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 268-270
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perfect Health ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Regular Shape ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure And Functions ◽  
A Current

This paper contains the account of a great number of observations made by the author during the last summer, while he was at the southern coast of England, on several species of Sertulariæ , Plumulariæ , Tubulariæ , Campanulariæ , Flustræ , and other polypiferous zoophytes, and also on various Ascidiæ . Each specimen was placed for examination in a glass trough with parallel sides, before the large achromatic microscope of the author, directed horizontally; and care was taken to change the sea-water frequently, which was done by means of two syphons, the one supplying fresh water, while the other carried off the old; a plan which succeeded in keeping the animals in perfect health and vigour. The drawings which were taken of the appearances that presented themselves were traced with a cameralucida, slid over the eye-piece of the microscope. In a specimen of the Tubularia indivisa , when magnified 100 times, a current of particles was seen within the tube, strikingly resembling, in the steadiness and continuity of its stream, the vegetable circulation in the Chara . Its general course was parallel to the slightly spiral lines of irregular spots on the tube; on one side flowing from, and on the other towards, the polypus, each current occupying one half of the circumference of the tube. The particles were of various sizes, some very small, others larger, but apparently aggregations of the smaller: a few were nearly globular, but in general they had no regular shape. At the knots, or contracted parts of the tube, slight vortices were observed in the current; and at the ends of the tube the particles were seen to turn round, and pass over to the other side. Singular fluctuations were also observed in the size of the stomach and of the cavity of the mouth; the one occasionally enlarging, while the other contracted, as if produced by the passage of a fluid from the one into the other and its subsequent recession, thus distending each alternately. This flux and reflux took place regularly at intervals of 80 seconds; besides which two currents were continually flowing, both in the mouth and stomach; an outer one in one direction, and an inner one in the opposite direction.

scholarly journals I. On the absorption of carbonic acid by saline solutions

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Saline Solutions

Until lately it was believed that the atmospheric gases dissolved in sea-water could be extracted from it, as from fresh water, by boiling in vacuo . The merit of the discovery that such is not the case is due to Dr. Jacobsen, of Kiel, who found that, in order to drive out the whole of the carbonic acid, the water must be evaporated almost to dryness, and that no amount of boiling in vacuo will suffice to eliminate it. Being particularly interested in the matter, I immediately commenced a series of experiments to determine, if possible, the salt or salts to which sea-water owes this property. Preliminary observations satisfied me, in the first place, that sea-water has this property, and, secondly, that solutions of the sulphates of magnesia and of lime possess the same property. In order to gain more precise information, two series of experiments were made, the one analytical, the other synthetical. The former consisted in saturating saline solutions with carbonic acid, and then distilling them, the carbonic acid passing in the various fractions being determined; the latter, in determining the absorption coefficients of two solutions, the one of sulphate of magnesia, the other of sulphate of lime.

Kinetics of Water and Chloride Exchanges During Adaptation of the European Eel to Sea Water

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
R. KIRSCH ◽  
N. MAYER-GOSTAN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
The One ◽  
Kinetics Of

Using isotopic procedures, the drinking rate and chloride exchanges were studied in the eel Anguilla anguilla during transfer from fresh water to sea water. 1. Following transfer to sea water there is a threefold increase of the drinking rate (lasting about 1 h). Then it falls to a minimum after 12-16 h and rises again to a maximum level about the seventh day after the transfer. Then a gradual reduction leads to a steady value which is not significantly different from the one observed in fresh water. 2. The changes with time of the plasma sodium and chloride concentrations are given. Their kinetics are not completely alike. 3. The chloride outflux increases 40-fold on transfer of the eel to sea water, but even so it is very low. After the sixth hour in sea water there is a progressive increase in the flux, so that on the fourth day it is higher (500 µ-equiv. h-1.100 g-1) than in the seawater-adapted animals (230 µ-equiv.h-1.100 g-1). 4. Drinking rate values in adapted animals are discussed in relation to the external medium. The kinetics of the drinking rate together with variations in body weights after freshwater-seawater transfer are discussed in relation to the possible stimulus of the drinking reflex. 5. Chloride fluxes (outflux, net flux, digestive entry) are compared and lead one to assume that in seawater-adapted fish one-third of the chloride influx enters via the gut and two-thirds via the gills.

What is a verb?

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-188
Author(s):  
Eva Smolka ◽  
Dorit Ravid
Keyword(s):  
Building Blocks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Thematic Roles ◽  
Semitic Languages ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
The One ◽  
Current Special Issue ◽  
Structure And Functions

Abstract Verbs constitute one of the basic building blocks of a clause, setting the structure of arguments and expressing the relationships among nouns in various thematic roles. In general terms, verbs are lexical items expressing verb-oriented notions such as activities, processes, and states. In morphology-rich languages, the syntactic and lexical roles of verbs are mediated by typologically-oriented morphological means. The current Special Issue contrasts the structure and functions of verbs in languages from two morphologically rich, yet typologically different families. The articles in the Special Issue present spoken and written aspects of verbs in usage and development in German (a Germanic language) on the one hand, in Hebrew, Neo-Aramaic, and Arabic (Semitic languages), on the other. From a theoretical linguistic perspective, we ask how the different typological features of these languages affect the function of verbs in sentences, and from a psycholinguistic perspective, we ask how typological differences affect the processing of verbs in the mature minds of adults and in the developing minds of children.

A description of the anatomy of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Account ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The One

Two specimens of this curious animal, lately brought from New South Wales, the one male and the other female, and both full grown and perfect, having been submitted to the inspection and close examination of Mr. Home, by Sir Joseph Banks, this gentle­man has availed himself of the favourable opportunity to draw up the full account of all that is hitherto known concerning its habits, of its external appearance, and internal structure now before us. The animal has hitherto been only found in the fresh-water lakes, in the interior parts of the above-mentioned country. It does not swim upon the surface of the water, but comes up occasionally to breathe. It chiefly inhabits the banks of these lakes, and is supposed to feed in the muddy places which surround them; but the particular kind of food on which it subsists is not known.

scholarly journals Notes on the Marine Oligochæta of Plymouth

1889 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank E. Beddard
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red River ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
Marine Oligochaeta ◽  
The One

The Oligochæta form a division of the Annelida, of which the most familiar type is the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris); the group comprises also a great number of smaller worms, which are for the most part inhabitants of ponds and streams, such as the red River worm (Tubifex rivulorum). The Oligochæta were at one time believed to be entirely terrestrial or inhabitants of fresh water, and to be distinguished thus from the Polychæta, which were supposed to be exclusively marine in their habitat. Although the progress of research has not broken down the structural distinctions between these two divisions of the Annelida chætopoda, it has been provedthat no absolute line of demarcation can be drawn between the Oligochæta and the Polychæta as regards their habitat; on the one hand Polychæta have been found in fresh water, and, on the other hand, certain species of Oligochæta are now known to inhabit the mud and gravel of the seashore.

scholarly journals On Remains of the Megaceros Hibernicus in Gypsum in Ireland

The Geologist ◽  
1864 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 165-166
Author(s):  
David Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Surface Soil ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dorsal Vertebra ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
A Current

The “Irish Elk” has been hitherto only found in the shell-marl underlying extensive turbaries. It is a true deer, intermediate between the fallow and rein-deer. In England it has been found in lacustrine beds, brick-earth, and ossiferous caves (Owen). The subject of the present paper is a dorsal vertebra belonging to a skeleton quite as large, if not larger than the specimen in the College of Surgeons Museum, London, with which it was compared. It was found on the Shirly property, in a bed of gypsum, county of Monaghan, Ireland. This gypsum-bed is very extensive, being many square miles in extent, underlying the glacial drift, embedded in and. sometimes alternating with a fine ferruginous clay. The subjacent rock is the older or lower coal sandstone, which lies unconformably on the mountain limestone, which reposes on the Silurian, the latter forming hills of 500 or 600 feet elevation in the immediate neighbourhood. The surface-soil is formed of ancient drifts of different ages, the one containing enormous blocks of mountain limestone, the other, the older, more compact, and containing small fragments, very rare, of a limestone, which, from comparison, is supposed to have been brought from the counties of Tyrone and Fermanagh, by a current that denuded all the western aspects of the Greywacke ranges of hills, producing very markedly the phenomena of “crag and tail,” which are there to be seen in endless examples.

Hibernation and Osmoregulation in the Diamondback Terrapin Malaclemys Centrata Centrata (Latreille)

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
M. GILLES-BAILLIEN
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Diamondback Terrapin ◽  
Diamondback Terrapins

1. Two batches of diamondback terrapins have been kept for a whole year, one in sea water the other in tap water, and seasonal variations have been recorded in the composition and osmotic pressure of the blood plasma. 2. All year round the sea-water animals have a higher osmotic pressure and higher concentrations of Na, K, Cl and urea than fresh-water animals. It is in July, however, that these differences are the least marked. 3. The seasonal variations recorded are linked in particular to the conditions of osmotic stress imposed by the environment. 4. The results are discussed within the framework of hibernation and of the evolution among chelonians from fresh water to sea water.

scholarly journals XXIII. Of the nerves which associate the muscles of the chest, in the actions of breathing, speaking, and expression. Being a continuation of the paper on the structure and functions of the nerves

1822 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 284-312 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Face ◽  
Voluntary Motion ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure And Functions

In a former paper an examination was made of the nerves of the face; that part of the system was taken, as proving in a manner the least liable to exception, that two sets of nerves, hitherto undistinguished, possessed distinct powers; and that very different effects were produced when the muscles and integuments were deprived of the controuling influence of the one or of the other of these nerves. In that paper it was shown, that parts remote in situation, were yet united by the closest sympathy with the lungs. That by a division of one nerve, these organs could be severed from the other parts of the apparatus of respiration; and though rendered dead to the influence of the heart and lungs, were yet possessed of their other properties, such as sensibility and voluntary motion. In the present paper it is proposed to prosecute this sub­ject, by tracing the nerves which influence the motions of the trunk of the body in respiration, and to subject them to a similar enquiry.

1. On the Food of the Herring and Salmon

1845 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 169-170
Author(s):  
John Stark
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Clupea Harengus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coregonus Lavaretus ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
The One ◽  
Natural Families

The author of this paper, after some preliminary observations, arranged his remarks under the following heads:—1. On the food and sex of the Vendace of Lochmaben. 2. On the food of the Herring (Clupea Harengus, Lin.) And, 3, On the food of the Salmon (Salmo salar, Lin.)1. As to the food of the Vendace (Coregonus Lavaretus, Fleming), he observed, that fishes in lakes, and feeding on animal food, must necessarily subsist on the small aquatic animals found in these lakes: That there is no reasonable analogy between the vendace and the herring, because they live in different mediums, the one in salt, the other in fresh water; and that their food cannot, therefore, be the same, none of the animals upon which fishes feed being common to both: That, besides, they are of different natural families: That writers on natural history state the animalcules which are found in the stomach of the vendace, and the other minute animals found in lakes, to form the food of fresh-water fishes generally; and that Leeuwenhoeck had even figured the identical animal found in the stomach of the vendace in 1833 more than 130 years before, stating that it and the other minute animals in similar localities, formed the food of the larger fishes.

scholarly journals IV. An analysis of several varieties of British and Foreign Salt, (muriate of Soda) with a view to explain their fitness for different economical purposes

1810 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 89-122
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Difference ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Important Branch ◽  
Warm Climates

Sect. I. General Observations. In undertaking the series of experiments, described in the following pages, I had not so much in view the discovery of novelties in science, as the determination, by the careful em­ployment of known processes, and by the improvement of methods of analysis, of a number of facts, the establishment of which (it appeared to me probable) might have an influence on an important branch of national revenue and industry. An opinion has for some time past existed, and I believe has been pretty general both in this and other countries, to the disadvantage of British salt as a preserver of animal food; and a decided preference has been given to the salt procured from France, Spain, Portugal, and other warm climates, where it is prepared by the spontaneous evaporation of sea water. In conformity with this opinion, large sums of money are annually paid to foreign nations, for the supply of an article, which Great Britain possesses, beyond almost any other country in Europe, the means of drawing from her own in­ternal resources. It becomes, therefore, of much consequence to ascertain, whether this preference of foreign salt be founded on accurate experience, or be merely a matter of prejudice; and, in the former case, whether any chemical difference can be discovered, that may explain the superiority of the one to the other.

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