scholarly journals I. On the absorption of carbonic acid by saline solutions

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 192-196 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Gases ◽  
Absorption Coefficients ◽  
Precise Information ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Saline Solutions

Until lately it was believed that the atmospheric gases dissolved in sea-water could be extracted from it, as from fresh water, by boiling in vacuo . The merit of the discovery that such is not the case is due to Dr. Jacobsen, of Kiel, who found that, in order to drive out the whole of the carbonic acid, the water must be evaporated almost to dryness, and that no amount of boiling in vacuo will suffice to eliminate it. Being particularly interested in the matter, I immediately commenced a series of experiments to determine, if possible, the salt or salts to which sea-water owes this property. Preliminary observations satisfied me, in the first place, that sea-water has this property, and, secondly, that solutions of the sulphates of magnesia and of lime possess the same property. In order to gain more precise information, two series of experiments were made, the one analytical, the other synthetical. The former consisted in saturating saline solutions with carbonic acid, and then distilling them, the carbonic acid passing in the various fractions being determined; the latter, in determining the absorption coefficients of two solutions, the one of sulphate of magnesia, the other of sulphate of lime.

scholarly journals On the structure and functions of tubular and cellular polypi, and of asidiæ

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 268-270
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Perfect Health ◽  
Southern Coast ◽  
Regular Shape ◽  
The One ◽  
Structure And Functions ◽  
A Current

This paper contains the account of a great number of observations made by the author during the last summer, while he was at the southern coast of England, on several species of Sertulariæ , Plumulariæ , Tubulariæ , Campanulariæ , Flustræ , and other polypiferous zoophytes, and also on various Ascidiæ . Each specimen was placed for examination in a glass trough with parallel sides, before the large achromatic microscope of the author, directed horizontally; and care was taken to change the sea-water frequently, which was done by means of two syphons, the one supplying fresh water, while the other carried off the old; a plan which succeeded in keeping the animals in perfect health and vigour. The drawings which were taken of the appearances that presented themselves were traced with a cameralucida, slid over the eye-piece of the microscope. In a specimen of the Tubularia indivisa , when magnified 100 times, a current of particles was seen within the tube, strikingly resembling, in the steadiness and continuity of its stream, the vegetable circulation in the Chara . Its general course was parallel to the slightly spiral lines of irregular spots on the tube; on one side flowing from, and on the other towards, the polypus, each current occupying one half of the circumference of the tube. The particles were of various sizes, some very small, others larger, but apparently aggregations of the smaller: a few were nearly globular, but in general they had no regular shape. At the knots, or contracted parts of the tube, slight vortices were observed in the current; and at the ends of the tube the particles were seen to turn round, and pass over to the other side. Singular fluctuations were also observed in the size of the stomach and of the cavity of the mouth; the one occasionally enlarging, while the other contracted, as if produced by the passage of a fluid from the one into the other and its subsequent recession, thus distending each alternately. This flux and reflux took place regularly at intervals of 80 seconds; besides which two currents were continually flowing, both in the mouth and stomach; an outer one in one direction, and an inner one in the opposite direction.

scholarly journals IV. An analysis of several varieties of British and Foreign Salt, (muriate of Soda) with a view to explain their fitness for different economical purposes

1810 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
pp. 89-122
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Chemical Difference ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
Methods Of Analysis ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Important Branch ◽  
Warm Climates

Sect. I. General Observations. In undertaking the series of experiments, described in the following pages, I had not so much in view the discovery of novelties in science, as the determination, by the careful em­ployment of known processes, and by the improvement of methods of analysis, of a number of facts, the establishment of which (it appeared to me probable) might have an influence on an important branch of national revenue and industry. An opinion has for some time past existed, and I believe has been pretty general both in this and other countries, to the disadvantage of British salt as a preserver of animal food; and a decided preference has been given to the salt procured from France, Spain, Portugal, and other warm climates, where it is prepared by the spontaneous evaporation of sea water. In conformity with this opinion, large sums of money are annually paid to foreign nations, for the supply of an article, which Great Britain possesses, beyond almost any other country in Europe, the means of drawing from her own in­ternal resources. It becomes, therefore, of much consequence to ascertain, whether this preference of foreign salt be founded on accurate experience, or be merely a matter of prejudice; and, in the former case, whether any chemical difference can be discovered, that may explain the superiority of the one to the other.

Experiments on the gas voltaic battery, with a view of ascertaining the rationale of its action and on its application to eudiometry

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 463-465
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Magazine ◽  
Faraday’S Law ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
Decomposition Of Water

The author, referring to a paper published in the Philosophical Magazine for December 1842, giving an account of a voltaic battery of which the active ingredients are gases, and by which the decomposition of water is effected by means of its composition, describes several variations in the form of the apparatus recorded in that paper. The experiments he has made with this new apparatus, and the details of which occupy the greater part of the present memoir, he conceives establish the conclusion that the phenomena exhibited in the gaseous battery are in strict conformity with Faraday’s law of definite electrolysis. They also confirm him in the opinion which he had expressed in his original paper, and which had been controverted by Dr. Schœnbein, in a communication to the Philosophical Magazine for March 1843, as well as by other philosophers, namely, that the oxygen, in that battery, immediately contributes to the production of the voltaic current. Besides employing as the active agents oxygen and hydrogen gases, he extends his experiments to the following combinations: namely, Oxygen and peroxide of nitrogen; Oxygen and protoxide of nitrogen; Oxygen and olefiant gas; Oxygen and carbonic oxide; Oxygen and chlorine; Chlorine and dilute sulphuric acid; Chlorine and solutions of bromine and iodine in alternate tubes; Chlorine and hydrogen; Hydrogen and carbonic oxide; Chlorine and olefiant gas; Oxygen and binoxide of nitrogen; Oxygen and nitrogen, with solution of sulphate of ammonia; Carbonic acid and carbonic oxide, with oxalic acid as an electrolyte; Hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulphate of ammonia. The author concludes, on reviewing the whole of this series of experiments, that, with the exception, perhaps, of olefiant gas, which appears to give rise to an extremely feeble current, chlorine and oxygen, on the one hand, and hydrogen and carbonic oxide, on the other, are the only gases which are decidedly capable of electro-synthetically combining so as to produce a voltaic current. He thinks that the vapours of bromine and of iodine, were they less soluble, would probably also be found efficient as electro-negative gases.

scholarly journals On the absorption of carbonic acid by saline solutions

1874 ◽  
Vol 22 (148-155) ◽  
pp. 483-495
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Property A ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Cause Of Error ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Saline Solutions ◽  
Different Parts

In the examination of sea-water, whether it be regarded from a chemical or from a zoological point of view, the determination of and the variations in the amount of carbonic acid in different parts of ocean must always be an object of importance. This is more especially so when a parallel series of observations on the quantity of oxygen present is carried out. At the surface we should expect to find the quantities of these gases following the law of partial pressures; at greater depths, however, where the water for long periods only comes in contact with water, we should expect to find the quantity of oxygen decreasing and that of carbonic acid increasing with the amount of animal life. The investigation from this point of view of the bottom-water, at greater and smaller depths, presents perhaps a more interesting field of observation than that of intermediate depths. Down to nearly 2000 fathoms life is still abundant; below this depth, however, the amount rapidly decreases till, at about 2800 fathoms, it is, for carbonic acid producing purposes, practically extinct. "We have, then, to settle the variation of the carbonic acid with latitude and longitude, with depth, with nature of bottom, and with nature of atmosphere. In order to solve these problems, it is before all necessary to have a reliable method for the determination of the carbonic acid. For the discovery of a cause of error in the old method, and for the invention of a new one, we are indebted to Dr. Jacobsen, of Kiel. Dr. Jacobsen found that sea-water could not, as had been till then assumed, be thoroughly freed from its dissolved carbonic acid by merely boiling in vacuo . He found that it was necessary to boil down almost to dryness before the last traces of carbonic acid could be expelled. Being particularly interested in the matter, I immediately commenced a series of experiments to determine, if possible, the salt or salts to which sea-water owes this peculiar property. A short résumé of the results of these experiments have been published as an appendix to Professor Wyville Thomson’s Depths of the Sea.’

scholarly journals On carbonate of lime as an ingredient of sea-water

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 828-831 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
The Waves

The manner in which limestone cliffs rising above deep water are worn by the action of the sea, as it were by a weak acid, such as we know it contains, viz. the carbonic—the manner, further, in which the sand on low shores where the waves break, becomes consolidated, converted into sandstone, by the deposition of carbonate of lime from sea-water owing to the escape of carbonic acid gas,—are facts clearly proving that carbonate of lime is as a constituent of sea-water neither rare of occurrence, nor unimportant in the ceconomy of na­ture, inasmuch as the phenomena alluded to,—the one destructive, the other restorative,—have been observed in most parts of our globe where geological inquiry has been instituted. Reflecting on the subject, it seemed to me desirable to ascertain whether carbonate of lime as an ingredient of sea-water is chiefly confined to the proximity of coasts, or not so limited enters into the composition of the ocean in its widest expanse.

I. On the volumetric relations of ozone and the action of the electrical discharge on oxygen and other gases

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 427-428 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Discharge ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pure Oxygen ◽  
Silent Discharge ◽  
Gaseous Substance ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One

This paper contains the full details of the authors’ experiments on the volumetric changes which occur in the formation of ozone. From three distinct series of experiments, performed by different methods, they show that when ozone is formed from pure oxygen by the action of the electrical discharge, a condensation takes place, as had already been announced in a former Note published in the 'Proceedings.’ But the condensation is much greater than the earlier experiments of the authors on the expansion by heat of electrolytic ozone had indicated. It is, in fact, so great, that if the allotropic view of the constitution of ozone be correct, the density of that body, as compared with oxygen, would be represented by a number corresponding to the density of a solid or liquid rather than that of a gaseous substance. This conclusion follows necessarily from the authors’ experiments, unless it be assumed that when ozone comes into contact with such substances as iodine, or a solution of iodide of potassium, one portion of it is changed back into common oxygen, while the remainder enters into combination, and that these portions are so related to one another, that the expansion due to the one is exactly equal to the contraction arising from the other. For the details of the experiments and of the methods of investigation employed, reference must be made to the original paper. The second part of the communication is devoted to the action of the silent discharge and of the electrical spark on other gases. Hydrogen and nitrogen undergo no change of volume when exposed to the action of either form of discharge. Cyanogen is readily decomposed by the spark, but presents so great a resistance to the passage of electricity, that the action of the silent discharge can scarcely be observed. Protoxide of nitrogen is readily attacked by both forms of discharge, with increase of volume and formation of nitrogen and hyponitric acid. Deutoxide of nitrogen exhibits the remarkable example of a gas which, under the action either of the silent discharge or of the spark, undergoes, like oxygen, a diminution of volume. It also is resolved into nitrogen and hyponitric acid. Carbonic oxide has given results of great interest; but the nature of the reaction has been only partially investigated. The silent discharge decomposes this gas with production of a substance of a bronze colour on the positive wire. The spark acts differently, destroying, as in the case of oxygen, the greater part of the contraction produced by the silent discharge. The authors are engaged in the further prosecution of this inquiry.

Kinetics of Water and Chloride Exchanges During Adaptation of the European Eel to Sea Water

1973 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-121
Author(s):  
R. KIRSCH ◽  
N. MAYER-GOSTAN
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Drinking Rate ◽  
The One ◽  
Kinetics Of

Using isotopic procedures, the drinking rate and chloride exchanges were studied in the eel Anguilla anguilla during transfer from fresh water to sea water. 1. Following transfer to sea water there is a threefold increase of the drinking rate (lasting about 1 h). Then it falls to a minimum after 12-16 h and rises again to a maximum level about the seventh day after the transfer. Then a gradual reduction leads to a steady value which is not significantly different from the one observed in fresh water. 2. The changes with time of the plasma sodium and chloride concentrations are given. Their kinetics are not completely alike. 3. The chloride outflux increases 40-fold on transfer of the eel to sea water, but even so it is very low. After the sixth hour in sea water there is a progressive increase in the flux, so that on the fourth day it is higher (500 µ-equiv. h-1.100 g-1) than in the seawater-adapted animals (230 µ-equiv.h-1.100 g-1). 4. Drinking rate values in adapted animals are discussed in relation to the external medium. The kinetics of the drinking rate together with variations in body weights after freshwater-seawater transfer are discussed in relation to the possible stimulus of the drinking reflex. 5. Chloride fluxes (outflux, net flux, digestive entry) are compared and lead one to assume that in seawater-adapted fish one-third of the chloride influx enters via the gut and two-thirds via the gills.

A description of the anatomy of the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 68-69
Keyword(s):  
Internal Structure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
The Other ◽  
Full Account ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The One

Two specimens of this curious animal, lately brought from New South Wales, the one male and the other female, and both full grown and perfect, having been submitted to the inspection and close examination of Mr. Home, by Sir Joseph Banks, this gentle­man has availed himself of the favourable opportunity to draw up the full account of all that is hitherto known concerning its habits, of its external appearance, and internal structure now before us. The animal has hitherto been only found in the fresh-water lakes, in the interior parts of the above-mentioned country. It does not swim upon the surface of the water, but comes up occasionally to breathe. It chiefly inhabits the banks of these lakes, and is supposed to feed in the muddy places which surround them; but the particular kind of food on which it subsists is not known.

scholarly journals Notes on the Marine Oligochæta of Plymouth

1889 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank E. Beddard
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
The Other ◽  
Red River ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
Marine Oligochaeta ◽  
The One

The Oligochæta form a division of the Annelida, of which the most familiar type is the common earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris); the group comprises also a great number of smaller worms, which are for the most part inhabitants of ponds and streams, such as the red River worm (Tubifex rivulorum). The Oligochæta were at one time believed to be entirely terrestrial or inhabitants of fresh water, and to be distinguished thus from the Polychæta, which were supposed to be exclusively marine in their habitat. Although the progress of research has not broken down the structural distinctions between these two divisions of the Annelida chætopoda, it has been provedthat no absolute line of demarcation can be drawn between the Oligochæta and the Polychæta as regards their habitat; on the one hand Polychæta have been found in fresh water, and, on the other hand, certain species of Oligochæta are now known to inhabit the mud and gravel of the seashore.

Improved Algorithm for Sub-Pixel Edge Detection Based on Zernike Moments

2011 ◽  
Vol 341-342 ◽  
pp. 763-767
Author(s):  
Bao Yong Zhao ◽  
Ying Jian Qi
Keyword(s):  
Edge Detection ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Zernike Moments ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Image ◽  
Edge Detection Algorithm ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The One ◽  
New Criterion ◽  
Improved Algorithm

The principle of Zernike moments and the method of sub-pixel edge detection based on Zernike moments were introduced in this paper. With the consideration of the limitation of the sub-pixel edge detection algorithm by Ghosal, such as the lower location precision of the edge and the extracted wider edge than that of the original image, an improved algorithm was proposed. On the one hand, a mask of size nine multiply nine was calculated and could be applied for the edge detection. On the other hand, a new criterion for edge detection was put forward. Additionally, a series of experiments were designed and implemented. The experiment results show that accuracy of the improved algorithm is higher than that obtained from using other size templates and Ghosal algorithm.

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