XVIII. On an instrument for correcting gaseous volume

1883 ◽  
Vol 34 (220-223) ◽  
pp. 166-167 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Small Glass ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The One ◽  
Square Box ◽  
Small Cylinder

This instrument has been devised in order to facilitate the correction of the observed volume of a mass of gas, measured at any common temperature and pressure, to the volume the gas would occupy if measured under standard conditions. A reading of the instrument furnishes a number which serves for the making of this correction, and stands instead of readings of the barometer and of the thermometer, and a reference to a table of the tension of aqueous vapour at different temperatures. The instrument consists of two small glass tubes standing side by side; the one is open above, having been drawn out and bent down-wards to exclude dust; the other tube terminates in a bulb whose Capacity is about four and a half times that of the tube. The two tubes are connected below by means of caoutchouc tubing with a small cylinder containing mercury, closed above by a leather cap, which can be pressed down by a button attached to a screw moving m a fixed socket W hen the screw and button are lowered the mercury rises in both tubes. The ends of the tubes and the reservoir of mercury are contained in a square box, upon the bottom of which they rest and whose top carries the socket in which the screw turns. At the back of the box is a wooden upright which supports the tubes The tube which terminates in a bulb is graduated and figured so as to m ark the capacity of the bulb and tube, down to each line of graduation.

scholarly journals An enquiry concerning the nature of heat, and the mode of its communication

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 139-147
Keyword(s):  
Principal Part ◽  
Cylindrical Vessel ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
Previous Trial ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The One ◽  
Quantity Of Heat

The importance of the investigation here entered into,—inasmuch as it applies to most of the operations of nature as well as art,—appears so manifest, that we shall not recapitulate what the author advances on that subject. Before he proceeds to the detail of his experiments for the purpose of computing the emissions of heat from various bodies under a variety of circumstances, he finds it necessary to premise a minute description of the principal part of the apparatus he contrived for his purpose. This instrument consists of a hollow cylindrical vessel of brass, four inches long, and as many in diameter. It is closed at both ends; but has at one end a cylindrical neck about eight-tenths of an inch in diameter, by which it is occasionally filled with water of different temperatures, and through which also a thermometer, constructed for the purpose, is occasionally introduced, in order to ascertain the changes of temperature in the fluid. As it was in the first instance only meant to observe the quantity of heat that escapes through the sides of the vessel, two boxes were contrived, filled and covered with non-conducting substances, such as eiderdown, fur, &c., which were fitted to the two ends or flat surfaces of the cylinder. Six of these instruments, with proper stands, and auxiliary implements of obvious construction, were prepared for the sake of comparative experiments. A previous trial was made with two of the cylinders, the vertical polished sides of the one being naked, and those of the other covered with one thickness of fine white Irish linen, strained over the metallic surface. Here it was found, contrary to expectation, that in a certain space of time the covered cylinder had lost considerably more heat than the naked one.

A Method for the Measurement of Fibrinolytic Activity Based on One Dimensional Diffusion Using Small Glass Tubes

1977 ◽  
Vol 37 (03) ◽  
pp. 456-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taro Yasukouchi ◽  
Masaru Fujine ◽  
Sukehiro Kohn ◽  
Shoki Sakurama ◽  
Tokiyo Morioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fibrinolytic Activity ◽  
Final Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Essential Difference ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Diffusion ◽  
Small Glass ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
The One

SummaryThe optimal conditions for the measurement of the fibrinolytic factors of plasma were examined using human and bovine plasminogen-rich fibrinogen or plasminogen-free fibrinogen as the substrates using the one dimensional diffusion method.The results were as follows:1. There was no essential difference found between using human or bovine fibrinogen.2. The levels of proactivator-plasminogen and plasminogen could be measured while using either plasminogen-rich or plasminogen-free fibrinogen. But, in using the latter, the proactivator-plasminogen level could not be measured, if a final concentration of more than 2,000 Christensen units of streptokinase were employed.3. When using plasminogen-rich fibrinogen, anti-plasmin(s) and anti-activator(s) could be measured while using urokinase and plasmin, but not while using streptokinase. However, further study should be given to the measurement of the inhibitors, when using plasminogen-free fibrinogen.

On a Differential Method for Measuring Differences of Vapour Pressures of Liquids at one Temperature and at Different Temperatures

1897 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 429-432
Author(s):  
Lord Kelvin
Keyword(s):  
Glass Tube ◽  
Differential Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glass Pipe ◽  
Metal Pipe ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
Vertical Glass ◽  
The Difference

§ 1. Apparatus for realising the proposed method is represented in the accompanying diagram. Two Woulffe's bottles, each having a vertical glass tube fitted air-tight into one of its necks, contain the liquids the difference of whose vapour pressures is to be measured. Second necks of the two bottles are connected by a bent metal (or glass) pipe, with a vertical branch provided with three (metal or glass) stopcocks, as indicated in the diagram. Each bottle has a third neck, projecting downwards through its bottom, stopped by a glass stopcock which can be opened for the purpose of introducing or withdrawing liquid. The upper ends of the glass tubes are also connected (by short india-rubber junctions or otherwise) with a bent metal pipe carrying a vertical branch for connection with a Toepler mercury air-pump. This vertical branch is provided with a metal stopcock. The vertical branch of the pipe fitted into necks of the two bottles is also connected to the air-pump as indicated in the drawings.§ 2. To introduce the liquids, bring open vessels containing them into such positions below the bottles that the necks project downwards into them. Close the glass stopcocks of these lower necks, open all the other six stopcocks, and produce a slight exhaustion by a few strokes of the air-pump. Then, opening the glass stopcocks very slightly, allow the desired quantities of the liquids to enter, and close them again.

scholarly journals Experiments on the quantity of gases absorbed by water, at different temperatures, and under different pressures

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 103-104 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Tube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glass Vessel ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Different Gases

After a short recapitulation of what has of late been done by Mr. Cavendish, Dr. Priestley, Dr. Nooth, and others, respecting the impregnation of water with different gases, our author observes, that the circumstance of the different degrees of temperature and pressure had not been as yet sufficiently attended to. Dr. Priestley, indeed, had long since remarked, that, in an exhausted receiver, Pyrmont water will actually boil at a common temperature, by the copious discharge of its air ; and that hence it is very probable, that by means of a condensing engine, water might be much more highly impregnated with the virtues of the Pyrmont spring : but this conjecture remained as yet to be proved by experiments ; and this is the task our author has undertaken in the present paper. This paper consists of two sections ; the first treating of the quantities of gases absorbed by water under the usual pressure of the atmosphere ; and the second, of the influence of pressure in promoting the absorption of gases. The apparatus contrived for these experiments may be described as a siphon, of which one side, or leg, is a glass vessel of comparatively a considerable diameter, and the other a long glass tube of about a quarter of an inch bore ; the junction of these two parts at the bottom being a short pipe of India rubber, well secured by proper integuments of leather, thus forming a joint, which admits of the vessel being briskly agitated. This vessel has a stop-cock both at top and bottom, in order to insert and emit fluids and gases ; and both the vessel and tube are accurately graduated. It may now be understood, that a known quantity of water and of a certain gas being put in the vessel, and the tube being filled to a certain extent with mercury, the absorption of the gas will be accurately measured by the column of mercury in the tube. Those who are particularly interested in this inquiry will find in the paper various precautions and additional contrivances, all tending to insure the success and accuracy of the investigation.

5. On the Currents produced by Contact of Wires of the same Metal at different Temperatures

1872 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 788-791
Author(s):  
W. Durham
Keyword(s):  
Electric Current ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
The Other ◽  
Thermo Electric ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The One

At the suggestion of Professor Tait, I undertook the investigation of the momentary thermo-electric current developed when two conductors or wires of the same metal are brought into contact, the one being at a different temperature from the other.Platinum was chosen as the most suitable metal to experiment with, in the first instance, as it is free from the interfering action of oxidation at high temperatures.

14. The Effect of Heat upon the Rennin Coagulation. I

1930 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Moir
Keyword(s):  
Linear Function ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coagulation Time ◽  
Chemical Changes ◽  
Hygienic Quality ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The One

1. Milk of varied hygienic quality has been “flash”-pasteurised at different temperatures and portions have been coagulated with rennin at intervals after pasteurisation.2. Analyses performed upon the whey separated from the coagula of the raw and pasteurised milk have shown that the mineral content of the whey depends largely upon the acidity.3. The increase in the coagulation time with rennin caused by pasteurisation is associated with a decrease in the whey nitrogen, so that the one is approximately a linear function of the other.4. The chemical changes produced by “flash”-pasteurisation of milk appear to be increased both by the use of higher temperatures, and also by the treatment of milk of low hygienic quality, as compared with clean milk.

scholarly journals II. On schulze’s mode of intercepting the germinal matter of the air

1878 ◽  
Vol 27 (185-189) ◽  
pp. 99-100
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Caustic Potash ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glass Tubes ◽  
The One ◽  
Extreme Care

In “Poggendorf’s Annalen” for 1886, Franz Schulze described an experiment which has attained considerable celebrity. He placed in a flask a mixture of vegetable and animal matters and water; through the cork of the flask two glass tubes passed air-tight, each being bent at a right angle above the cork. He boiled the infusion; and while steam issued from the two glass tubes, he attached to each of them a group of Liebig’s bulbs, one group being filled with solution of caustic potash, and the other with concentrated sulphuric acid. Applying his mouth on the potash side, he sucked air daily through the sulphuric acid into the flask. But, though the process was continued from the end of May till the beginning of August, no life appeared. In this experiment, the germs diffused in the atmosphere are supposed to have been destroyed by the sulphuric acid, and doubtless this was the case. Other experimenters, however, in repeating the experiment of Schulze, have failed to obtain his results. The experiments of Dr. Hughes Bennett are a case in point, to which I might add certain failures of my own. Schulze’s success is, perhaps, in part to be ascribed to the purity of the air in which he worked; possibly, also, to extreme care in drawing the air into his flask; or, it may be, that the peculiar disposition of his experiment favoured him. Within the flask, as shown by his diagram, both his glass tubes terminated immediately under the cork, so that the air, entering by the one tube, was immediately sucked into the other, thus failing to mix completely with the general air of the flask.

scholarly journals I. Considerations on the abrupt change at boiling or conden­ sing in reference to the continuity of the fluid state of matter

1872 ◽  
Vol 20 (130-138) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid State ◽  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Plane Surface ◽  
Ordinary Language ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The One ◽  
Infinite Variety ◽  
Liquid States

When we find a substance capable of existing in two fluid states different in density and other properties while the temperature and pressure are the same in both, and when we find also that an introduction or abstraction of heat without change of temperature or of pressure will effect the change from the one state to the other, and also find that the change either way is perfectly reversible , we speak of the one state as being an ordinary gaseous, and the other as being an ordinary, liquid state of the same matter; and the ordinary transition from the one to the other we would designate by the terms boiling or condensing, or occasionally by other terms nearly equivalent, such as evaporation, gasification, liquefaction from the gaseous state, &c. Cases of gasification from liquids or of condensation from gases, when any chemical alteration accompanies the abrupt change of density, are not among the subjects proposed to be brought under consi­deration in the present paper. In such cases I presume there would be no perfect reversibility in the process; and if so, this would of itself be a criterion sufficing to separate them from the proper cases of boiling or condensing at present intended to be considered. If, now, the fluid sub­stance in the rarer of the two states (that is, in what is commonly called the gaseous state) be still further rarefied, by increase of temperature or diminution of pressure, or be changed considerably in other ways by alterations of temperature and pressure jointly, without its receiving any abrupt collapse in volume, it will still, in ordinary language and ordinary mode of thought, be regarded as being in a gaseous state. Remarks of quite a corresponding kind may be made in describing various conditions of the fluid (as to temperature, pressure, and volume), which would in ordinary language be regarded as belonging to the liquid state. Dr. Andrews (Phil. Trans. 1869, p. 575) has shown that the ordinary gaseous and ordinary liquid states are only widely separated forms of the same condition of matter, and may be made to pass into one another by a course of continuous physical changes presenting nowhere any interruption or breach of continuity. If we denote geometrically all possible points of pressure and temperature jointly, by points spread continuously in a plane Surface, each point in the plane being referred to two axes of rectangular coordinates, so that one of its ordinates shall represent the temperature and the other the pressure denoted by that point, and if we mark all the successive boiling- or condensing-points of temperature and pressure as a continuous line on this plane, this line, which may be called the boiling­ line , will be a separating boundary between the regions of the plane cor­responding to the ordinary liquid state and those corresponding to the ordinary gaseous state. But, by consideration of Dr. Andrews’s experimental results, we may see that this separating boundary comes to an end at a point of pressure and temperature which, in conformity with his lan­guage, may be called the critical point of pressure and temperature jointly; and we may see that, from any ordinary liquid state to any ordinary gaseous state, the transition may be effected gradually by an infinite variety of courses passing round outside the extreme end of the boiling-line.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

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