Being enabled by the method described in the Philosophical Magazine (February 1857) to obtain wires of the metals of the alkalies and alkaline earths, I have determined their places, together with most of those of the other metals and some alloys, in the thermo-electric series. The alloys which were experimented with, are those described by Rollman as giving with other metals stronger thermo-electric currents than those of bismuth or antimony under the same circumstances. If A, B, C are different metals, and (A, B), (B, C), (C, A) the electromotive powers of thermo-elements formed out of each two of these metals, whose alternate soldering-points are at two different temperatures, then (A, B)+(B, C)+(C, A) = 0, and therefore (A, B) =
a-b
, (B, C) =
b-c
, (C, A) =
c-a
, where the values of
a, b, c
not only depend on the two temperatures, but also on the nature of each of the metals A, B, and C. As the "differences” of the same constitute the electromotive powers, the value for any one of these metals may be put = 0. If the temperatures of the soldering-points of a thermo-element only vary slightly, the electromotive power may be said to be proportional to the difference of the two temperatures, and under the same conditions the quantities
a, b, c
are also proportional to the difference of the temperatures, and their ratios to each other therefore independent of the same. If now the value of a second metal relative to the above-named value of the first be taken = 1, the values of the others in relation to these can be deduced, and only depend on the nature of each metal. These values I will call the Thermo-electric Numbers of the metals.